Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              <s>
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              the Vent, yet this benefit happens to be but temporary and for a
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              few hours: If the riſing of P
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              o,
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              and the dangers of breaking forth
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              were of ſhort duration, as it ordinarily befalleth in the overflow­
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              ings of Torrents, in ſuch a caſe the profit of the Vent would be
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              of ſome eſteem: But becauſe the ſwellings of P
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              o
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              continue for
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              thirty, or ſometimes for forty dayes, therefore the gain which
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              reſults from the Vent proveth to be inconſiderable. </s>
              <s>It remain­
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              eth now to conſider the notable harms which follow the ſaid
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              Sluice or Vent, that ſo reflection being made, and the profit and
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              the detriment compared, one may rightly judge, and chooſe that
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              which ſhall be moſt convenient. </s>
              <s>The firſt prejudice therefore
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              which ariſeth from this Vent or Sluice, is; That the Channels of
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Ferara, Primaro,
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              and
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              Volana
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              filling with Water, all thoſe parts
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              from
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              Bondeno
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              to the Sea ſide are allarmed and endangered
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              thereby. </s>
              <s>Secondly, The Waters of the P
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              o
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              of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Primaro
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              having
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              free ingreſſe into the upper Valleys, they fill them to the great
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              damage of the Fields adjacent, and obſtruct the courſe of the
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              ordinary Trenches in the ſame Valleys; inſomuch that all the
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              care, coſt, and labour about the draining, and freeing the upper
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              Valleys from Water, would alſo become vain and ineffectual.
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              </s>
              <s>Thirdly, I conſider that theſe Waters of the P
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              o
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              of
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              Ferara
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              being
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              paſſed downwards towards the Sea, at the time that the main P
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              o
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              was in its greater excreſcences and heights, it is manifeſt by expe­
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              rience, that when the great P
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              o
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              diminiſheth, then theſe Waters
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              paſſed by the P
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              o
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              of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Ferara
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              begin to retard in their courſe, and
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              finally come to turn the current upwards towards
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              Stellata,
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              reſting
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              firſt iu the intermediate time, almoſt fixed and ſtanding, and
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              therefore depoſing the muddineſſe, they fill up the Channel of
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              the River or Current of
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              Ferara.
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              Fourthly and laſtly, There
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              followeth from this ſame diverſion another notable damage, and
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              it is like to that which followeth the breaches made by Rivers;
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              near to which breaches in the lower parts, namely below the
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              breach, there is begot in the Channel of the River, a certain ridge
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              or ſhelf, that is, the bottom of the River is raiſed, as if ſufficiently
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              manifeſt by experience; and thus juſt in the ſame manner cutting
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              the Bank at
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              Bondeno,
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              there is at it were a breach made, from which
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              followeth the riſing in the lower parts of the main P
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              o,
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              being paſt
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              the mouth of
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              Pamaro
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              ; which thing, how pernitious it is, let any one
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              judge that underſtandeth theſe matters. </s>
              <s>And therefore both for
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              the ſmall benefit, and ſo many harms that enſue from maintain­
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              ing this diverſion, I ſhould think it were more ſound advice to
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              keep that Bank alwaies whole at
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              Bondeno,
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              or in any other conve­
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              nient place, and not to permit that the Water of the Grand P
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              o
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              ſhould ever come near to
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Ferara.
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              </s>
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