Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

Table of contents

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[131.] 4. Duærectæ lineæ ab utro uiſu ductæad concurſum duorum axium, factum in recta linea ad utrun axem obliqua, ſunt ferè inæquales. 41 p 3.
[132.] 5. E plurib. uiſibilib. ordinatim intraopticos axes diſpoſitis: remotiora incertè uidẽtur. 50 p 3.
[133.] 6. Si duæ rectæ lineæ à medio nerui cõmunis ſint contermi-nærectæ cõnectenti centra for aminum gyrineruorum cauo-rum: conſtituent triangulum æquicrurum. 30 p 3.
[134.] 7. Si recta linea ſit à medio nerui communis admedium rectæ lineæ connectentis centra fo-raminum gyrineruorum cauorum: erit ad ipſam perpendicularis. 33 p 3.
[135.] 8. Si axes, communis & duo optici, in uno uiſibilis puncto concurrant: erunt in eodem plano cum rectis, connectente centra foraminum gyrineruorum cauorum, & duab{us} à medio nerui communis connectenti conterminis. 34 p 3.
[136.] 9. Vtro uiſu uiſibile unum plerun uidetur. 28 p 3. Idem 27 n 1.
[137.] 10. Concurſiis axium opticorum in axe communifacit uiſionem certißimam: extrà, tantò certiorem, quantò axi propinquior fuerit. 44 p 3.
[138.] 11. Viſibile intra axes opticos ſitum: ueluni uiſui rectè, reliquo obliquè oppoſitum: uidetur geminum. 104.103 p 4.
[139.] 12. Viſibile aliàs unum: aliàs geminum uideri organo ostenditur. 108 p 4.
[140.] 13. Viſibile medio unius uiſus rectè, reliquo obliquè oppoſitum, uidetur geminum. 103 p 4. Idem II n.
[141.] 14. Viſibile, in quo concurrunt axes optici, aut radij his propinqui: uidetur unum. 46 p 3.
[142.] 15. Viſibile in axium opticorum concurſu certißimè uidetur: extratantò certius, quantò concurſui fuerit propinquius. 45 p 3.
[143.] 16. Viſibile magnum ſimul totum æquabiliter non uidetur. 48 p 3.
[144.] 17. Viſibile uiſui directũ, certißimè uidetur: obliquũ tantò minus, quantò obliquius. 33 p 4.
[145.] DE CAVSSIS, QVIBVS VISVI ACCIDIT DE-ceptio. Cap. III. 18. Ad uiſionem perficiendam octo neceſſaria ſunt: quorum quodlibet ad uitandum allu-cinationes, uiſibili ſymmetrum eſſe oportet. 1. 2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 19. 56 p 3. 1 p 4. Vide 36 n 1.
[146.] DE DISTINGVENDIS ERRORIBVS VI-ſus. Cap. IIII. 19. In uiſione erratur aut ſolo uiſu: aut anticipata notione: aut ſyllogiſmo.
[147.] DE QVALITATIBVS DECEPTIONVM VISVS, QVAE fiunt ſolo ſenſu. Cap. v. 20. Erratur ſolo uiſu in luce & colore, propter ſingulorum uiſionem perficientium aſymme-triam. 156 p 4.
[148.] DE QVALITATIBVS DECEPTIONVM VISVS, QVAE fiuntin ſcientia & cognitione. Cap. VI. 21. Erratur anticipata nõtione: cum forma anticipata, obiecto uiſibili perperam aßimila-tur, propter ſingulorum uiſionem perficientium aſymmetriam. 155 p 4.
[149.] DE QVALITATIBVS DECEPTIONVM VISVS, QVAE AC-cidunt in ſyllogiſmo & ratione. Cap. VII. 22. Erratur ſyllogiſmo propter ſingulorum uiſionem perficientium aſymmetriam.
[150.] 23. Diſtantia immoder ata cre at errores in ſingulis uiſibilibus ſpeciebus. In remotione. 16 p 4.
[151.] 24. In ſitu. 44. 59. 61. 62. 97 p 4.
[152.] 25. In ſoliditate & figura. 98. 97. 95. 50. 65 p 4.
[153.] 26. In magnitudine. 28 p 4.
[154.] 27. In diuiſione, & continuatione & numero 109 p 4.
[155.] 28. In motu & quiete. 138 p 4.
[156.] 29. In aſperitate & lenitate. 141 p 4.
[157.] 30. In raritate & denſitate. 144 p 4.
[158.] 31. In umbra & tenebris. 147 p 4.
[159.] 32. In pulchritudine & deformitate. 150 p 4.
[160.] 33. In ſimilitudine & dißimilitudine. 153 p 4.
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          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5146" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="94" file="0100" n="100" rhead="ALHAZEN"/>
            Hinc accidit quòd tabulę parietis uel ſcamni apparent ali quãdo cõtinuæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5147" xml:space="preserve"> licet abinuicẽ ſint diuiſæ,
              <lb/>
            modica, dico, diſtinctione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5148" xml:space="preserve"> Et accidet hoc etiã in intẽperata remotione rei uiſæ, ſcilicet immodera-
              <lb/>
            ta, quantũ ad comprehenſionẽ remotionis diſtinctionis tam paruæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5149" xml:space="preserve"> Et ita ex hoc remotionis errore
              <lb/>
            diſcretum creditur continuum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5150" xml:space="preserve"> Et quoniam ſecundum conſiderationem continuitatis & diſcretio-
              <lb/>
            nis attenditur numeri comprehenſio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5151" xml:space="preserve"> accidi terror in numero, cum in rebus diſcretis apparebit u-
              <lb/>
            nitas, aut in re una prætendetur pluralitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5152" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div166" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head195" xml:space="preserve" style="it">28. In motu & quiete. 138 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5153" xml:space="preserve">EGreſſus remotionis à moderamine errorem efficit motus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5154" xml:space="preserve"> Si quis ad partem, in qua lunã, aut
              <lb/>
            ſolem, aut ſtellam aliquam uiderit, moueatur, cum plurimùm motus, lunam ante ſe uiderit e-
              <lb/>
            longatã, non minus, quàm in principio motus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5155" xml:space="preserve"> concludit ipſam in eandem partem moueri, &
              <lb/>
            ab eo recedere:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5156" xml:space="preserve"> & ob hoc elõgationes durare.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5157" xml:space="preserve"> Et accidit hoc, luna etiã ad partem contrariam prope-
              <lb/>
            rante.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5158" xml:space="preserve"> Ethuius erroris ratio eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5159" xml:space="preserve"> Quia notum eſt uidenti, quòd in his inferiorib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5160" xml:space="preserve"> Naturis, ſtatutis duo
              <lb/>
            bus corporib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5161" xml:space="preserve"> quorum unũ moueatur in partem aliquã, ſi permanſerit idẽtitas ſitus unius reſpectu
              <lb/>
            alterius:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5162" xml:space="preserve"> neceſſe eſt aliud moueri in eandem partẽ, & motu æquali.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5163" xml:space="preserve"> Verũ hoc nõ oportet exiſtimare
              <lb/>
            in luna & ſtellis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5164" xml:space="preserve"> Cum enim in his non percipiatur ſitus motus mouentis ad ſtellã motam:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5165" xml:space="preserve"> occultè
              <lb/>
            ex propoſitionib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5166" xml:space="preserve"> iam dudum animo notis infertur ſyllogiſticè motio, & occultatur immutatio ſitus
              <lb/>
            mouentis ad ſtellã.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5167" xml:space="preserve"> Quoniam uia, quã quis peragit motu ſuo, nõ eſt proportionalis ipſius ſtellę ma-
              <lb/>
            gnitudini:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5168" xml:space="preserve"> multò magis igitur exceſſus poſtremę propin quitatis eius ad ſtellã ſuper primam propin
              <lb/>
            quitatẽ, nõ eſt ſenſibilis reſpectu totalis remotionis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5169" xml:space="preserve"> Idem error accidit in motu nubiũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5170" xml:space="preserve"> creditur e-
              <lb/>
            nim uelociſsimus eſſe lunę motus, licet non ſit, ut nos ſuprà [19 n] explanauimus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5171" xml:space="preserve"> Euagatio remo-
              <lb/>
            tionis à tẽperamento, errorẽ infert quietis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5172" xml:space="preserve"> Si quis à longè uiſus motu non ueloci moueatur:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5173" xml:space="preserve"> putabi
              <lb/>
            tur quieſcere:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5174" xml:space="preserve"> unde ſtellas errantes credimus immotas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5175" xml:space="preserve"> licet inſit eis motus uelocitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5176" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt hęc ꝗe-
              <lb/>
            tis ſtellarum æſtimatio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5177" xml:space="preserve"> Quoniã uiæ, quas incedunt etiã in tẽpore magno, nõ ſunt perceptibiles ui-
              <lb/>
            ſui à tanta remotione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5178" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde durante ſitu earũ, reſpectu uidentis, identitate æſtimãtur quieſcere.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5179" xml:space="preserve"> Pa
              <lb/>
            ri modo ſi corpus aliquod à lõgitudine moueatur ſuper radios uiſus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5180" xml:space="preserve"> & accedat ad ipſum uiſum, uel
              <lb/>
            recedat ab eo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5181" xml:space="preserve"> putabitur immotũ, niſi morus eius fuerit ualde fortis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5182" xml:space="preserve"> Et accidit iſte error, quoniã, ut
              <lb/>
            ſuprà [49 n 2] patuit, motus non cõprehenditur in corpore, niſi quia modò uidetur cũ aliquo cor-
              <lb/>
            pore, modò cum alio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5183" xml:space="preserve"> Hic autem excluditur hæc perceptio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5184" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam uia, quam incedit mouens ſu-
              <lb/>
            per radios, imperceptibilis eſt à tanta longitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5185" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div167" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head196" xml:space="preserve" style="it">29. In aſperitate & lenitate. 141 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5186" xml:space="preserve">SVperflua longitudo errorẽ ingerit aſperitatis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5187" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde in capillis alicuius pictę imaginis à lõgitu
              <lb/>
            dine intẽperata æſtimatur aſperitas, cũ expreſſa fuerit pictura.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5188" xml:space="preserve"> Quia enim notum eſt aſperita-
              <lb/>
            tem eſſe in ueris capillis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5189" xml:space="preserve"> concludit eã animus illis ſimiliter ineſſe propter expreſsionẽ formæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5190" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            Idem error accidit in ueſtib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5191" xml:space="preserve"> depictis, & animalium pilis expreſsè depictorum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5192" xml:space="preserve"> In his aũt omnib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5193" xml:space="preserve"> nõ
              <lb/>
            eſt aſperitas, ſed immenſa læuitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5194" xml:space="preserve"> Etlicet à corporib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5195" xml:space="preserve"> læuibus fiat reflexio lucis, nõ ab aſperis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5196" xml:space="preserve"> rñ in
              <lb/>
            pictura aliquando uidetur reflexio lucis, nec ob hoc excluditur opinio aſperitatis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5197" xml:space="preserve"> Quoniam opinã
              <lb/>
            ti eſt certũ aliquando in eodẽ corpore aſperitatis & reflexionis fieri concurſum, ſicut accidit in ca-
              <lb/>
            pillis hominis nigerrimis & benè lotis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5198" xml:space="preserve"> reflectitur enim lux in eis, licet aſperis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5199" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde ex hac ſimilitu
              <lb/>
            dine accidit error in æſtimatione aſperitatis picturæ per immoderatã remotionẽ, ad corpus pictum
              <lb/>
            proportionatum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5200" xml:space="preserve"> Non enim poterit cõprehendi lęuitas in pictura, niſi cum multùm fuerit certa.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5201" xml:space="preserve"> Vn
              <lb/>
            de diſtantia reſpectu aliarũ rerũ extra temperantiã, eſt ad acquiſitionẽ læuitatis comparata.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5202" xml:space="preserve"> Ex eua-
              <lb/>
            gata remotione accidit error in læuitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5203" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim à magna longitudine opponatur uiſui corpus, in
              <lb/>
            quo modica eſt aſperitas, putabitur læue.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5204" xml:space="preserve"> Aſperitas enim nõ acquiritur in corpore, niſi ex diuerſita-
              <lb/>
            te ſitus partiũ inter ſe, uel luce eminẽtiũ, uel umbra depreſſarũ, ſicut explanatũ eſt ſuperius [53 n 2:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5205" xml:space="preserve">]
              <lb/>
            & à tali longitudine non percipitur diuerſitas ſitus partium eminentium ſuper depreſſas, aut proie-
              <lb/>
            ctio umbræ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5206" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde iudicatur in eo læuitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5207" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div168" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head197" xml:space="preserve" style="it">30. In raritate & denſitate. 144 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5208" xml:space="preserve">EX immoderatione elongationis oritur error raritatis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5209" xml:space="preserve"> Cum enim circa oculũ erigitur acus,
              <lb/>
            aut aliquid ſubtile multum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5210" xml:space="preserve"> licet appareat uiſui maius, quàm ſit:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5211" xml:space="preserve"> tñ nihil occultat ei de oppoſi-
              <lb/>
            to pariete, aut alio oppoſito corpore.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5212" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde cum fiat raritatis comprehenſio in corpore, ex eo,
              <lb/>
            quòd poſtipſum poſſum us aliquid uidere:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5213" xml:space="preserve"> in acu erecta, aut in aliquo cõſimili, raritas æſtimabitur,
              <lb/>
            cum poſt ipſam totus paries uideatur.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5214" xml:space="preserve"> Quare aũt acus prope uiſum ſita maior appareat, patet ex ſu-
              <lb/>
            perioribus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5215" xml:space="preserve"> Quare autem in tanta propin quitate nihil abſcondat uiſui ex pariete oppoſito:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5216" xml:space="preserve"> eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5217" xml:space="preserve"> quia
              <lb/>
            remotio tam modica, reſpectu occultationis acus, immoderata eſt.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5218" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim paululũ elongetur ab o-
              <lb/>
            culo acus illa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5219" xml:space="preserve"> occultabitur pars parietis maior acuipſa.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5220" xml:space="preserve"> Et huius rei cauſſa plenius explanabitur.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5221" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            Ex ſuperabundantia longitudinis accidit error ſoliditatis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5222" xml:space="preserve"> Si quis enim à lõgè intueatur corpus ra-
              <lb/>
            rum, & ſtatuatur poſt ipſum corpus coloratum, aut quid tenebroſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5223" xml:space="preserve"> non reputabitur corpus il-
              <lb/>
            lud rarum, ſed ſolidum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5224" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt error:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5225" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã poſt corpus illud non percipit aliud, cũ natura rari ſit, ut
              <lb/>
            poſtipſum poſsit uideri ſolidum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5226" xml:space="preserve"> concludetur corpus illud non eſſe rarum, ſed ſolidum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5227" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div169" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head198" xml:space="preserve" style="it">31. In umbra & tenebris. 147 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5228" xml:space="preserve">EX ſuperfluitate remotionis oritur error in umbra.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5229" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim à tali lõgitudine opponatur uiſui cor
              <lb/>
            pus albũ, in quo ſit pars tenebroſa, luce ſolis ſuper corpus illud deſcẽdente:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5230" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit umbra in
              <lb/>
            </s>
          </p>
        </div>
      </text>
    </echo>