Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

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        <div xml:id="echoid-div169" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5230" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="95" file="0101" n="101" rhead="OPTICAE LIBER III."/>
            parte corporis tenebroſa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5231" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi circa corpus illud uideatur aliud:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5232" xml:space="preserve"> fiet conclu ſio, quòd umbra apparẽs
              <lb/>
            proijciatur ab illo alio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5233" xml:space="preserve"> Et palàm, quòd accidit error iſte ex nimia remotione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5234" xml:space="preserve"> Propter diſtantiæ ex-
              <lb/>
            ceſſum ſe ingerit error tenebrarum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5235" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim procul uideatur corpus album, in quo pars nigra mul-
              <lb/>
            tùm ſit:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5236" xml:space="preserve"> æſtimabuntur fortaſsis in parte illa tenebræ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5237" xml:space="preserve"> unde fiet concluſio, quòd in directo illius par-
              <lb/>
            tis ſit foramen corporis, per quod appareat tenebrarum egreſsio poſt corpus illud exiſtentium.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5238" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div170" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head199" xml:space="preserve" style="it">32. In pulchritudine & deformitate. 150 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5239" xml:space="preserve">REmotio excedens modum cauſſa eſt erroris pulchritudinis & deformitatis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5240" xml:space="preserve"> Cũ enim procul
              <lb/>
            inſpicitur res aliqua, ſi fuerint in ea maculæ paruę, eã deformantes, quia occultantur exlõgi
              <lb/>
            tudine, iudicatur formoſa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5241" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam ex ſolis apparentib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5242" xml:space="preserve"> fit concluſio, & latent maculæ, appa
              <lb/>
            rent uerò partes formoſę.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5243" xml:space="preserve"> Similiter ſi à tanta lõgitudine uideatur res, in qua ſunt picturę, ſed minu-
              <lb/>
            tæ, rei totali decorem conferentes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5244" xml:space="preserve"> cum lateant uiſum cauſſæ decoris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5245" xml:space="preserve"> iudicabitur res illa deformis,
              <lb/>
            cum ex apparentibus tantùm ſumat iudex iudicium.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5246" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div171" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head200" xml:space="preserve" style="it">33. In ſimilitudine & dißimilitudine. 153 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5247" xml:space="preserve">EX ſuperflua elõgatione accidit error in ſimilitudine corporum & diſsimilitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5248" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim di-
              <lb/>
            rigantur uiſus in corpora lõgè remota in colore ſimilia, & ſi fuerint in eis notæ uel protractio
              <lb/>
            nes minutæ ſibi diſsimiles & diuerſę, quę cũ uiſus prætereant:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5249" xml:space="preserve"> iudicabuntur corpora ex toto
              <lb/>
            ſimilia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5250" xml:space="preserve"> È
              <unsure/>
            contrario ſi diuerſitas fuerit in totalibus corporum coloribus, ſed in eis ſint notæ minutę,
              <lb/>
            inter quas ſit ſimilitudo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5251" xml:space="preserve"> iudicabuntur diſsimilia ex toto.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5252" xml:space="preserve"> Et accidet error:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5253" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam ex ſolùm appa-
              <lb/>
            rentibus fiet concluſio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5254" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div172" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head201" xml:space="preserve" style="it">34. Situs immoderatus creat errores in ſingulis uiſibilibus ſpeciebus. In diſtantia. 16 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5255" xml:space="preserve">SItus egreditur à temperamento, & errorem inducit in quòlibet eorum, quorum fit cõprehen-
              <lb/>
            ſio perſyllogiſmum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5256" xml:space="preserve"> In longitudine, ut ſi uideãtur duo corpora, quorũ unum ſit poſt aliud dire
              <lb/>
            cte, ita ut unũ cooperiat partẽ alterius, & pars poſterioris emineat:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5257" xml:space="preserve"> & hoc in lõgitudine tẽpera
              <lb/>
            ta, non tñ multùm certa, nec inter ea fuerint alia corpora:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5258" xml:space="preserve"> nõ plenè æſtimabitur longitudinis unius
              <lb/>
            ad aliud menſura.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5259" xml:space="preserve"> Et forſitã iudicabit uidens ea ualde ſibi eſſe propinqua.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5260" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt error in ſyllogiſmo,
              <lb/>
            cum perſyllogiſmũ tantùm comprehendatur longitudo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5261" xml:space="preserve"> per ſitum uerò, quoniam, ſi unũ nõ occul-
              <lb/>
            taret alterius partem, ſed utrunq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5262" xml:space="preserve"> totum exponeretur uiſui, utuia inter ipſa in diuerſos, nõ in eun-
              <lb/>
            dem incideret radios:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5263" xml:space="preserve"> diſcerneretur diſtantia unius ab alio Et eſt error exſola ſitus intẽperãtia:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5264" xml:space="preserve"> quo
              <lb/>
            niam ſitu ad temperantiam reducto (cæteris partibus non mutatis) non accidit error talis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5265" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div173" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head202" xml:space="preserve" style="it">35. In ſitu. 44 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5266" xml:space="preserve">SItus extra temperantiam, in ſitu errorem inuehit:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5267" xml:space="preserve"> cadente enim axe uiſuali in corpus à tempe
              <lb/>
            rata longitudine oppoſitum uiſui, ſumpto alio corpore multũ elõgato ab axe, & declinato mo
              <lb/>
            dicũ ſuper lineam intellectualẽ, ſuper quã cadit axis perpendiculariter:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5268" xml:space="preserve"> nõ cõprehendetuidẽs
              <lb/>
            corporis illius declinationẽ propter ſitum à temperamento egreſſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5269" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã non plena fit cõpre-
              <lb/>
            henſio corporum ab axe longè poſitorũ [per 15 n.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5270" xml:space="preserve">] Et in hoc errore declinatũ iudicabit uiſus rectũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5271" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div174" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head203" xml:space="preserve" style="it">36. In figura. 97. 96. 61. 62 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5272" xml:space="preserve">IN figura autem error eſt per ſitum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5273" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim corpus circulare, ut ſchyphus uel ſcutella ab axe elõ-
              <lb/>
            getur, & modicum ſuper lineã intellectualẽ, quã diximus, declinetur:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5274" xml:space="preserve"> occultabitur eius declina-
              <lb/>
            tio, & una eius diameter ſub maiore angulo comprehendetur, quàm alia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5275" xml:space="preserve"> Quæ enim apparetre-
              <lb/>
            cta, maiorẽ reſpicit angulũ, quã declinata.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5276" xml:space="preserve"> Et quia notabilis eſt unius anguli ad aliũ exceſſus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5277" xml:space="preserve"> iudica
              <lb/>
            tur diameter recta maior declinata:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5278" xml:space="preserve"> unde circularis figura corporis, iudicabitur oblonga.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5279" xml:space="preserve"> Pari erro-
              <lb/>
            re figura quadrãgula æſtimabitur oblonga, cũ latus eius directè oppoſitũ oculo, maius appareat la-
              <lb/>
            tere declinato.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5280" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt error in ſyllogiſmo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5281" xml:space="preserve"> Pręmittit enim propoſiiones, in quibus eſt falſitas, ſcilicet:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5282" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            neutrum laterum eſſe declinatum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5283" xml:space="preserve"> & uiſa ab eadem longitudine ſub eodem & inæqualib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5284" xml:space="preserve"> angulis,
              <lb/>
            eſſe inæqualia:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5285" xml:space="preserve"> & oblongam eſſe formam, cuius unum latus eſt inæquale alij.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5286" xml:space="preserve"> Inde concluditur er-
              <lb/>
            ror, non ueritas figuræ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5287" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div175" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head204" xml:space="preserve" style="it">37. In magnitudine. 28 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5288" xml:space="preserve">EX eadem cauſſa palàm, errorem eſſe in quantitate, cũ diameter circularis corporis maior uide
              <lb/>
            tur alia eiuſdem diametro, cui eſt æqualis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5289" xml:space="preserve"> Amplius alio modo accidit error in magnitudine,
              <lb/>
            ex ſitu intẽperato & ſolo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5290" xml:space="preserve"> cũ aliquis in alto poſitus intuetur ſub altitudine illa incedẽtes & in-
              <lb/>
            ter ſe æquales, eis in ordine uno poſt aliũ diſpoſitis, radius cadens ſuper primũ abſq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5291" xml:space="preserve"> dubio demil-
              <lb/>
            ſior erit radio cadente ſuper ſecundũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5292" xml:space="preserve"> & ſecundum, quod augmentabitur elõgatio alicuius eorum à
              <lb/>
            primo, ſecundum illud maior erit radij ſuper ipſum cadentis altitudo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5293" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde altior erit radius cadẽs
              <lb/>
            in poſtremũ, quàm in aliquẽ aliũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5294" xml:space="preserve"> Iudicabitur ergo à uidente poſtremus maior omnib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5295" xml:space="preserve"> Ita dico, ſi ter
              <lb/>
            ræ ſpatium inter quoslibet duos ſitum lateat uiſum, ne in collatione ad terram apparẽtem facta, cõ-
              <lb/>
            prehendi poſsit altitudinis hominũ menſura:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5296" xml:space="preserve"> erit error in ſyllogiſmo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5297" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã errat in antecedentib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5298" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            quorum unum eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5299" xml:space="preserve"> Quæcunq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5300" xml:space="preserve"> apparent altiora, ſunt maiora:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5301" xml:space="preserve"> & hoc non inuenitur in omnibus, ſed
              <lb/>
            in pluribus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5302" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt error ex ſitus immoderatione, reſpectu cõprehẽſionis magnitudinis rei ſic diſpo-
              <lb/>
            ſitæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5303" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim radius cadens in primum ſit æquidiſtans terræ, & idẽ radius cadat in quemlibet alium
              <lb/>
            proceſſu ſuo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5304" xml:space="preserve"> non habebit locum error iſte.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5305" xml:space="preserve"/>
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