Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

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        <div xml:id="echoid-div183" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5385" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="97" file="0103" n="103" rhead="OPTICAE LIBER III."/>
            quæ pateret, ſi lux eſſet fortis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5386" xml:space="preserve"> qui homines, ſi in eandem partem moueantur, æquali motu ſimul ſem
              <lb/>
            per moueri putabuntur.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5387" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div184" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head213" xml:space="preserve" style="it">46. In ſitu. 44 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5388" xml:space="preserve">IN ſitu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5389" xml:space="preserve"> Vt ſi in nocte non obſcura aliquid modicè à uiſu declinatum, opponatur uiſui:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5390" xml:space="preserve">ęſtimabitur
              <lb/>
            in eo ſitus rectitudo, propter debilitatem lucis egreſſæ à temperamento.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5391" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div185" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head214" xml:space="preserve" style="it">47. In figura & magnitudine. 97. 28 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5392" xml:space="preserve">SImiliter figura multorum laterum æqualium, circularis apparebit de nocte aſpecta:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5393" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã oc-
              <lb/>
            cultat angulos lux nimium debilis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5394" xml:space="preserve"> Pari modo ſphæra ſic uiſa reputatur ſuperficies plana:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5395" xml:space="preserve"> quia
              <lb/>
            occultatur uiſui partium eminentia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5396" xml:space="preserve"> In ma gnitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5397" xml:space="preserve"> Vt nocte inſpecto homine & uiſo nemo-
              <lb/>
            re, aut remoto ab eo, pariete, uidebitur propin quitas hominis ad nemus uel parietem, cum lateat ui
              <lb/>
            ſum diſtantia eorum, licet ſit plurima.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5398" xml:space="preserve"> Et forſan exibit idem radius ſuper caput hominis & altitudi-
              <lb/>
            nem nemoris, ſecundum quantitatem diſtantiæ à nemore:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5399" xml:space="preserve"> & in hoc ſitu uidebuntur eſſe eiuſdem al
              <lb/>
            titudinis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5400" xml:space="preserve"> aut forſitan homo uidebitur eſſe maioris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5401" xml:space="preserve"> quod non accideret, ſi lux in temperamento eſ-
              <lb/>
            ſet:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5402" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam diſtantia hominis ad nemus diſcerneretur, & altitudo uniuſcuiuſque ſecundum ter-
              <lb/>
            ram apparentem menſuraretur.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5403" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div186" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head215" xml:space="preserve" style="it">48. In diuiſione, continuatione & numero. 109 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5404" xml:space="preserve">IN diſtinctione, numero, continuitate erit error ex lucis debilitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5405" xml:space="preserve"> Vt ſi de nocte uideatur tabu-
              <lb/>
            la, in qua ſit linearum obſcurarum protractio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5406" xml:space="preserve"> putabit forſan uidẽs diuiſiones eſſe uel fiſſuras.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5407" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            ita error eſt in diſtinctione, quia continuũ apparet diuiſum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5408" xml:space="preserve"> Et in numero, quia pluralitas in uno.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5409" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            Similiter exiſtente uiſu in lucis fortis reflexione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5410" xml:space="preserve"> ſi adhibeantur corpora modicũ diſtantia:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5411" xml:space="preserve"> appare-
              <lb/>
            bunt continua.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5412" xml:space="preserve"> Et ita error eſt in cõtinuitate, propter lucem nimiùm aut fortem aut debilem.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5413" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div187" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head216" xml:space="preserve" style="it">49. In motu & quiete. 138 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5414" xml:space="preserve">IN motu & quiete accidit error ex luce.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5415" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim nocte cõprehenderit uiſus hominem, & remotũ
              <lb/>
            ab eo nemus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5416" xml:space="preserve"> occultabitur diſtantia hominis ad nemus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5417" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi moueatur uidens ad hominem illũ,
              <lb/>
            quantò magis ad illum acceſſerit, tantò diſtantiam illam certius uidebit.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5418" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde cum prius ſimul
              <lb/>
            cum nemore appareret ei homo uiſus, quando ad eum accedit, plus uidetur à nemore remotus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5419" xml:space="preserve"> &
              <lb/>
            cum certum ſit ei, nemus immotum manere:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5420" xml:space="preserve"> ſyllogizabit hominem uiſum à parte nemoris incede-
              <lb/>
            re, licet ueritas habeat ipſum immotum eſſe:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5421" xml:space="preserve"> qui error nõ accideret in temperata luce.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5422" xml:space="preserve"> In quiete.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5423" xml:space="preserve"> Vt
              <lb/>
            homo de nocte uiſus non plenè comprehenditur:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5424" xml:space="preserve"> unde ſi modicum uideatur, nõ diſcernitur, & mo-
              <lb/>
            tus putabitur quieſcere.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5425" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div188" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head217" xml:space="preserve" style="it">50. In aſperitate & lenitate: raritate & denſitate: umbra & tenebris. 141. 144 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5426" xml:space="preserve">IN aſperitate & læuitate erit error.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5427" xml:space="preserve"> De nocte enim uiſa aſperitas iudicatur forſan læuitas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5428" xml:space="preserve"> aut è cõ
              <lb/>
            trario, ſecundum quod fuerit rei uiſæ qualitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5429" xml:space="preserve"> In raritate & denſitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5430" xml:space="preserve"> De nocte enim remiſſa iu-
              <lb/>
            dicabitur in corpore multũ raro raritas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5431" xml:space="preserve"> quia cũ poſt ipſum non plena fiat comprehenſio ſolidi:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5432" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            æſtimabitur remiſsio raritatis eius uiam negare uiſui:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5433" xml:space="preserve"> Corpus uerò modicè rarũ uidebitur ſolidũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5434" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            In umbra & tenebris.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5435" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim in pariete albo fuerint partes obſcurę, & cadat ſuper parietẽ illum lux
              <lb/>
            candelæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5436" xml:space="preserve"> iudicabit forſitan uidens obſcuritatẽ illam eſſe umbrã:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5437" xml:space="preserve"> & uidebiture ei forſitan, quòd proce
              <lb/>
            dat apparens umbra à uicino pariete:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5438" xml:space="preserve"> & ita error eſt in umbrę æſtimatione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5439" xml:space="preserve"> Similiter ſi fuerit in par-
              <lb/>
            te parietis nigredo multùm:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5440" xml:space="preserve"> æſtimabitur forſitan uacuitas foraminis iter prębens egredientib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5441" xml:space="preserve"> tene
              <lb/>
            bris.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5442" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi tota parietis ſuperficies afficiatur intenſa nigredine:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5443" xml:space="preserve"> totus forſitan putabitur tenebrę, ut
              <lb/>
            accidit in pariete cooperto ignis fuligine, & uiſo in debili luce.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5444" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div189" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head218" xml:space="preserve" style="it">51. In pulchritudine & deformitate: ſimilitudine & dißimilitudine. 150. 153 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5445" xml:space="preserve">IN ſpecie & deformitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5446" xml:space="preserve"> Palàm enim, quòd de nocte uidetur facies formoſa, licet in ea ſint macu-
              <lb/>
            læ, ſicut in lentiginoſa.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5447" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi fuerint in re uiſa picturę ſubtiles, totalis ſpeciei cauſſæ, cum in nocte
              <lb/>
            uiſum lateant:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5448" xml:space="preserve"> uidebitur res deformis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5449" xml:space="preserve"> In ſimilitudine & diſsimilitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5450" xml:space="preserve"> In corporib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5451" xml:space="preserve"> enim eiuſ-
              <lb/>
            dem ſpeciei, coloris, & figurę, in quibus eſt partialis diuerſitas per latẽtes notas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5452" xml:space="preserve"> in debili luce omni
              <lb/>
            moda ſimilitudo iudicabitur.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5453" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi diuerſa fuerint corpora, in ſpecie, colore, & figura, ſed ex aliquib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5454" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            notis conformitas eſt partialis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5455" xml:space="preserve"> propter occultationem notarum exremiſsione lucis, iudicabitur o-
              <lb/>
            mnimoda diuerſitas corporum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5456" xml:space="preserve"> Et palàm, in omnibus prædictis errorem accidere exſola debilita-
              <lb/>
            te lucis, cum ipſa intra terminos temperantiæ ſita, error non accidat, alijs immotis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5457" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div190" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head219" xml:space="preserve" style="it">52. Magnitudo immoderata creat errores in ſingulis uiſibilib. ſpeciebus. In diſtantia. 16 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5458" xml:space="preserve">QVantitas egreditur à temperantia, & ille egreſſus cauſſa eſt erroris in omnibus, quibus fidẽ
              <lb/>
            facit ſyllogiſmus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5459" xml:space="preserve"> Error erit in longitudine ex cauſſa prædicta:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5460" xml:space="preserve"> ut ſi uideantur duo homines
              <lb/>
            à longitudine temperata, & in ſuo genere maxima, & unus paululum fuerit ante alium:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5461" xml:space="preserve"> non
              <lb/>
            diſcernetur uia inter cos ſita:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5462" xml:space="preserve"> unde unus eorum apparebit circa alium.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5463" xml:space="preserve"> Et accidit error:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5464" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam di
              <lb/>
            ſtantia eorum cum multùm ſit parua, non eſt proportionalis totali eorũ à uiſu elongationi, licet elõ
              <lb/>
            gatio ſit temperata.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5465" xml:space="preserve"> Eſt aũt error in longitudine, quoniam homines illi iudicabuntur ab oculo ęquè
              <lb/>
            remoti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5466" xml:space="preserve"> & ita quantitas unius longitudinis maior, quàm ſit in ueritate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5467" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde error in longitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5468" xml:space="preserve"/>
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