Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

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        <div xml:id="echoid-div43" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1287" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="21" file="0027" n="27" rhead="OPTICAE LIBER I."/>
            riori iſtius tunicæ, eſt, ut pertrãſeant ipſum formæ ad interius uiſus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1288" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt rotundum, quia rotundi-
              <lb/>
            tas eſt ſimpliciſsima figurarũ, & ampliſsima iſoperimetrarum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1289" xml:space="preserve"> Humor autẽ glacialis habet multas
              <lb/>
            proprietates, per quas completur ſenſus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1290" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam eſt humidus & ſubtilis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1291" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt in eo aliquid dia-
              <lb/>
            phanitatis & ſpiſsitudinis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1292" xml:space="preserve"> & ſuper ipſum eſt tela ualde rara:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1293" xml:space="preserve"> & figura ſuperficiei eius eſt cõpoſita ex
              <lb/>
            duabus ſuperficiebus ſphæricis diuerſis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1294" xml:space="preserve"> & anterior illarũ eſt maioris ſphæricitatis altera.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1295" xml:space="preserve"> Eſt au-
              <lb/>
            tem humidus, ut citius patiatur à luce:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1296" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt ſubtilis, quia talia corpora ſunt ſubtilis ſenſus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1297" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt ali
              <lb/>
            quantulum diaphanus, ut recipiat formas lucis & coloris, & ut pertrãſeant per ipſum lux & color:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1298" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            & eſt aliquantulũ ſpiſſus, ut remaneant in eo diu formæ lucis & coloris, ita ut appareat uirtuti ſen-
              <lb/>
            ſibili forma lucis & coloris, quæ figebantur in eo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1299" xml:space="preserve"> Nam ſi eſſet diaphanus in fine diaphanitatis, per-
              <lb/>
            tranſirent formæ in eo, & non pateretur à formis paſsione, quæ eſt ex genere doloris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1300" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic nõ com-
              <lb/>
            prehenderet formas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1301" xml:space="preserve"> Tela autẽ quæ eſt ſuper iſtum humorẽ, eſt, ut retineat ipſum, ne fluat:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1302" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã
              <lb/>
            humores nõ retinerentur, ſed aliquò fluerent, & nõ remanerent ſecundũ unam figuram.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1303" xml:space="preserve"> Et iſta tela
              <lb/>
            eſt ualde rara, ut nõ occultet formas uenientes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1304" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt ſphærica propter cauſſam, quam diximus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1305" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            ſuperficies anterioris eius eſt ex ſphæra maiori, ut ſit æquidiſtans ſuperficiei anteriori uiſus, ita ut
              <lb/>
            centrum illarũ ſit unumpunctum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1306" xml:space="preserve"> Neruus autẽ opticus, ſuper quem componitur oculus totus, eſt
              <lb/>
            cauus, ut currat per ipſum ſpiritus uiſibilis à cerebro, & perueniat ad glacialem, & det ipſi uirtutem
              <lb/>
            ſenſibilem ſucceſsiuè, & ut pertranſeant etiã formæ in corpore ſubtili currẽte in ſuo concauo, quo-
              <lb/>
            uſq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1307" xml:space="preserve"> perueniant ad ultimum ſentiens, quod eſt in anteriori cerebri.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1308" xml:space="preserve"> Et principia duorũ neruorum,
              <lb/>
            ſuper quos componũtur oculi duo, ſunt in duabus partibus anterioris cerebri, ut ſitus duorũ ocu-
              <lb/>
            lorum à ſuis principijs ſit ſitus conſimilis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1309" xml:space="preserve"> & nõ fuit principium eorum à medio anterioris cerebri,
              <lb/>
            quia iſte locus eſt proprius ſenſui ordinatus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1310" xml:space="preserve"> Quare autẽ ſint duo oculi, eſt benignitas operatoris,
              <lb/>
            ut ſi uni illorum accideret interitus, remaneret alter, & ut forma faciei eſſet pulchrior.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1311" xml:space="preserve"> Cauſſa autẽ,
              <lb/>
            propter quam concurrant iſti duo nerui, iam fuit dicta in qualitate uiſionis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1312" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div44" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head64" xml:space="preserve" style="it">34. Superſicies tunicarum uiſ{us} ſunt globoſæ. 3. 4 p 3.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1313" xml:space="preserve">SVperficies uerò tunicarum oculi ſunt ſphæricæ & æquidiſtantes, & centrum illarũ eſt unum
              <lb/>
            punctum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1314" xml:space="preserve"> ita ut perpendicularis, quæ eſt ſuper primam illarũ, ſit pe
              <gap/>
            pendicularis etiam ſuper
              <lb/>
            omnes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1315" xml:space="preserve"> & ſunt ſphæricæ, nt exeant omnes ab uno puncto, quod eſt centrum illarũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1316" xml:space="preserve"> deinde di-
              <lb/>
            ſtent apud extremitates ſecundũ remotionem à centro:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1317" xml:space="preserve"> ita ut pyramis extenſa à centro, contineat
              <lb/>
            omnes perpendiculares exeuntes ab illa re uiſa, & diſtinguat ex ſuperficie uiſus & mẽbri ſentientis
              <lb/>
            partem, licet paruam, continentem tamen totam formam uenientem à re uiſa ad uiſum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1318" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi ſuper-
              <lb/>
            ficies tunicarum uiſus eſſent planæ, nõ ueniret forma uiſi ad uiſum ſuper perpendiculares, niſi eſſet
              <lb/>
            uiſus æqualis uiſo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1319" xml:space="preserve"> Et nulla figura eſt, in qua adunantur perpendiculares, & cõcurrunt in unũ pun-
              <lb/>
            ctum, niſi figura ſphærica:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1320" xml:space="preserve"> & cum iſta diſpoſitione poſſunt exire à centro uiſus multæ pyramides ad
              <lb/>
            multa uiſa in eodem tempore:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1321" xml:space="preserve"> & quælibet illarũ diſtinguet partem paruam membri ſentientis, con
              <lb/>
            tinentem formam illius uiſi.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1322" xml:space="preserve"> Et omnes tunicæ habentidẽ centrum propter illud, quod diximus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1323" xml:space="preserve"> &
              <lb/>
            eſt, ut perpendiculares exeuntes à re uiſa ad unam iſtarum, ſint perpendiculares ſuper omnes, & ut
              <lb/>
            pertranſeant etiã formæ omnes ſecundũ unam uerticationem.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1324" xml:space="preserve"> Quare uerò nihil comprehẽdat ui-
              <lb/>
            ſus ex rebus uiſibilibus, niſi ex uerticationibus iſtarũ perpendicularium tantùm:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1325" xml:space="preserve"> eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1326" xml:space="preserve"> quia per iſtas
              <lb/>
            perpendiculares tantùm ordinãtur partes rei uiſæ in ſuperficie mẽbri ſentiẽtis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1327" xml:space="preserve"> Et hoc fuit iam ma-
              <lb/>
            niſeſtum antea [18 n] quoniã non poteſt ordinari forma rei uiſæ in ſuperficie membri ſentiẽtis, niſi
              <lb/>
            ſit receptio eius ad formã ex iſtis uerticationibus tãtùm.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1328" xml:space="preserve"> Et propter hoc appropriatur natura uiſus
              <lb/>
            iſta proprietate, & naturatur, ut non recipiat aliquã formam, niſi ſecundũ ſitum iſtarum uerticatio-
              <lb/>
            num tantùm.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1329" xml:space="preserve"> Et appropriatio uiſus, habita hac proprietate, eſt una rerũ ex quibus apparet maxima
              <lb/>
            diſcretio operatoris, & bonitas præparationis naturæ, præparãdo inſtrumẽta uiſus, & formam, per
              <lb/>
            quã eõpletur ſenſus, & per quã diſtinguũtur uiſibilia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1330" xml:space="preserve"> Conſolidatiua autẽ cõtinet omnes iſtas tuni-
              <lb/>
            cas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1331" xml:space="preserve"> & in ea eſt aliquid humiditatis, & pręterea habet aliquid retẽtionis, & eſt aliquãtulùm fortis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1332" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            cõtinet iſtas tunicas, ut cõgreget & cõſeruet illas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1333" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt aliquãtulũ humida, ut præparẽtur loca tuni
              <lb/>
            carũ ex ea, & ut nõ accidat ſiccitas uelociter illis tunicis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1334" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt aliquãtulùm retẽtiua & fortis, ut cõ-
              <lb/>
            ſeruet ſitus & figuras tunicarũ, ut nõ alterẽtur citò:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1335" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt alba, ut ſit per ipſam forma faciei pulchra.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1336" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div45" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head65" xml:space="preserve" style="it">35. Ocul{us} eſt globoſ{us}. 3 p 3.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1337" xml:space="preserve">ET totus oculus eſt rotũdus, quoniã rotunditas eſt melior figuris, & maior, & leuioris motus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1338" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            Oculus autẽ indiget motu, & uelocitate motus, ita, ut ſit oppoſitus per motũ multis uiſibili-
              <lb/>
            bus in eodẽ tẽpore, & ut ſit oppoſitus propter motũ omnibus partibus rei uiſæ, mediũ aſpi-
              <lb/>
            ciens, ita ut cõprehendat ipſum comprehenſione uera, & conſimili:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1339" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã ſenſus per mediũ mem-
              <lb/>
            bri ſentientis eſt manifeſtior.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1340" xml:space="preserve"> Et hoc declarabimus pòſt in loco cõueniente.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1341" xml:space="preserve"> Velocitas autẽ motus
              <lb/>
            uiſus eſt, ut aſpiciat omnes partes rei uiſæ, & uiſibilia ſibi oppoſita in modico tõpore.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1342" xml:space="preserve"> Palpebræ au-
              <lb/>
            tem ſunt, ut conſeruent oculum in ſomno, & ut faciant oculũ quieſcere, quãdo fatigatur à lumine,
              <lb/>
            quoniam luces fortes nocent oculis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1343" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi continuè aperirentur oculi, ſupra modũ debilitarentur:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1344" xml:space="preserve"> &
              <lb/>
            hoc apparet, quando oculi aſpiciunt lucẽ fortem longo tempore.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1345" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter nocet uiſui aer, quan-
              <lb/>
            do in eo fuerit fumus, aut puluis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1346" xml:space="preserve"> Palpebræ ergo cooperiunt oculũ à luce, quãdo indiget, & conſer-
              <lb/>
            uant ipſos ab aere, & abſtergunt ab eis multa nocumẽta:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1347" xml:space="preserve"> deinde quãdo fatigantur, ſuperponuntur
              <lb/>
            palpebræ eis, ita ut compleatur in eis ſua requies:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1348" xml:space="preserve"> & ſunt uelocis motus, ut citius ſuperponantur
              <lb/>
            </s>
          </p>
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