Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

Table of contents

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[131.] 4. Duærectæ lineæ ab utro uiſu ductæad concurſum duorum axium, factum in recta linea ad utrun axem obliqua, ſunt ferè inæquales. 41 p 3.
[132.] 5. E plurib. uiſibilib. ordinatim intraopticos axes diſpoſitis: remotiora incertè uidẽtur. 50 p 3.
[133.] 6. Si duæ rectæ lineæ à medio nerui cõmunis ſint contermi-nærectæ cõnectenti centra for aminum gyrineruorum cauo-rum: conſtituent triangulum æquicrurum. 30 p 3.
[134.] 7. Si recta linea ſit à medio nerui communis admedium rectæ lineæ connectentis centra fo-raminum gyrineruorum cauorum: erit ad ipſam perpendicularis. 33 p 3.
[135.] 8. Si axes, communis & duo optici, in uno uiſibilis puncto concurrant: erunt in eodem plano cum rectis, connectente centra foraminum gyrineruorum cauorum, & duab{us} à medio nerui communis connectenti conterminis. 34 p 3.
[136.] 9. Vtro uiſu uiſibile unum plerun uidetur. 28 p 3. Idem 27 n 1.
[137.] 10. Concurſiis axium opticorum in axe communifacit uiſionem certißimam: extrà, tantò certiorem, quantò axi propinquior fuerit. 44 p 3.
[138.] 11. Viſibile intra axes opticos ſitum: ueluni uiſui rectè, reliquo obliquè oppoſitum: uidetur geminum. 104.103 p 4.
[139.] 12. Viſibile aliàs unum: aliàs geminum uideri organo ostenditur. 108 p 4.
[140.] 13. Viſibile medio unius uiſus rectè, reliquo obliquè oppoſitum, uidetur geminum. 103 p 4. Idem II n.
[141.] 14. Viſibile, in quo concurrunt axes optici, aut radij his propinqui: uidetur unum. 46 p 3.
[142.] 15. Viſibile in axium opticorum concurſu certißimè uidetur: extratantò certius, quantò concurſui fuerit propinquius. 45 p 3.
[143.] 16. Viſibile magnum ſimul totum æquabiliter non uidetur. 48 p 3.
[144.] 17. Viſibile uiſui directũ, certißimè uidetur: obliquũ tantò minus, quantò obliquius. 33 p 4.
[145.] DE CAVSSIS, QVIBVS VISVI ACCIDIT DE-ceptio. Cap. III. 18. Ad uiſionem perficiendam octo neceſſaria ſunt: quorum quodlibet ad uitandum allu-cinationes, uiſibili ſymmetrum eſſe oportet. 1. 2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 19. 56 p 3. 1 p 4. Vide 36 n 1.
[146.] DE DISTINGVENDIS ERRORIBVS VI-ſus. Cap. IIII. 19. In uiſione erratur aut ſolo uiſu: aut anticipata notione: aut ſyllogiſmo.
[147.] DE QVALITATIBVS DECEPTIONVM VISVS, QVAE fiunt ſolo ſenſu. Cap. v. 20. Erratur ſolo uiſu in luce & colore, propter ſingulorum uiſionem perficientium aſymme-triam. 156 p 4.
[148.] DE QVALITATIBVS DECEPTIONVM VISVS, QVAE fiuntin ſcientia & cognitione. Cap. VI. 21. Erratur anticipata nõtione: cum forma anticipata, obiecto uiſibili perperam aßimila-tur, propter ſingulorum uiſionem perficientium aſymmetriam. 155 p 4.
[149.] DE QVALITATIBVS DECEPTIONVM VISVS, QVAE AC-cidunt in ſyllogiſmo & ratione. Cap. VII. 22. Erratur ſyllogiſmo propter ſingulorum uiſionem perficientium aſymmetriam.
[150.] 23. Diſtantia immoder ata cre at errores in ſingulis uiſibilibus ſpeciebus. In remotione. 16 p 4.
[151.] 24. In ſitu. 44. 59. 61. 62. 97 p 4.
[152.] 25. In ſoliditate & figura. 98. 97. 95. 50. 65 p 4.
[153.] 26. In magnitudine. 28 p 4.
[154.] 27. In diuiſione, & continuatione & numero 109 p 4.
[155.] 28. In motu & quiete. 138 p 4.
[156.] 29. In aſperitate & lenitate. 141 p 4.
[157.] 30. In raritate & denſitate. 144 p 4.
[158.] 31. In umbra & tenebris. 147 p 4.
[159.] 32. In pulchritudine & deformitate. 150 p 4.
[160.] 33. In ſimilitudine & dißimilitudine. 153 p 4.
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          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4226" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="81" file="0087" n="87" rhead="OPTICAE LIBER III."/>
            tur ad huiuſinodi uiſum, adeò ut axis communis ueniat ad iſtud uiſum, aut prope, tunc certificabi-
              <lb/>
            tur forma eius.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4227" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div148" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head173" xml:space="preserve" style="it">11. Viſibile intra axes opticos ſitum: ueluni uiſui rectè, reliquo obliquè oppoſitum: uidetur
            <lb/>
          geminum. 104.103 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4228" xml:space="preserve">ET ſimiliter cum ambo uiſus comprehenderint multa uiſa ſimul:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4229" xml:space="preserve"> & axes amborum uiſuum ſi-
              <lb/>
            mul concurrerint in aliquod unum uiſorum illorum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4230" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerint fixi in illo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4231" xml:space="preserve"> reſidua autem uiſa
              <lb/>
            fuerint extra duos axes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4232" xml:space="preserve"> & uiſum, in quo concurrunt duo axes, fuerit minimi corporis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4233" xml:space="preserve"> tunc
              <lb/>
            forma uiſi, in quo concurrunt duo axes, in concauitate nerui communis, erit una forma & certifica
              <lb/>
            ta.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4234" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi uiſum fuerit ſuper axem communem:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4235" xml:space="preserve"> tunc forma eius erit magis certificata, quàm forma ui-
              <lb/>
            ſi, quæ eſt extra axem communem, & ſi in ipſo concurrunt duo axes.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4236" xml:space="preserve"> Viſorum autem, quæ compre-
              <lb/>
            henduntur à uiſu in illo ſtatu, quæ ſunt propinqua uiſo, in quo duo axes concurrunt, ſi etiam fue-
              <lb/>
            rint ipſa minimi corporis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4237" xml:space="preserve"> forma inſtituitur in concauitate communis nerui una, in qua non erit du
              <lb/>
            bitatio maxima:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4238" xml:space="preserve"> nam forma eius erit propinqua centro.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4239" xml:space="preserve"> Ex illis autem uiſibilibus, quæ compre-
              <lb/>
            henduntur à uiſu in iſto ſtatu, quod fuerit remotum à uiſo, in quo concurrunt duo axes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4240" xml:space="preserve"> eius forma
              <lb/>
            inſtituetur in concauitate iſtius nerui, dubitabilis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4241" xml:space="preserve"> & tunc aut erunt duæ formæ ſe mutuò pene-
              <lb/>
            trantes, quia ſunt in una parte:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4242" xml:space="preserve"> quapropter inæqualitas, quæ eſt inter ſuas poſitiones in remotione,
              <lb/>
            non erit maxima:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4243" xml:space="preserve"> unde duæ formæ ſe mutuò penetrabunt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4244" xml:space="preserve"> aut forma quarundam partium erit du-
              <lb/>
            plex, & forma quarundam erit una:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4245" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic forma huiuſmodi uiſibilium erit dubitabilis in omnibus
              <lb/>
            diſpoſitionibus, propter diuerſitatem poſitionis radiorum exeuntium ad illa, & quia radij exeun-
              <lb/>
            tes ad illa, erunt remoti à duobus axibus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4246" xml:space="preserve"> Forma autem obliqui uiſi à duobus axibus, remoti à loco
              <lb/>
            concurſus duorum axium, erit non certificata, dum fuerit remota à concurſu duorum axium.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4247" xml:space="preserve"> Cum
              <lb/>
            autem duo axes fuerint remoti, & concurrerint in ipſo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4248" xml:space="preserve"> tunc uerificabitur forma eius.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4249" xml:space="preserve"> Cum autem
              <lb/>
            duo axes duorum uiſuum concurrerint in aliquo uiſo, & hi duo uiſus comprehenderint aliud ui-
              <lb/>
            ſum propinquius duobus uiſibus, uiſo, in quo concurrunt duo axes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4250" xml:space="preserve"> aut remotius:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4251" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerit etiam
              <lb/>
            inter duos axes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4252" xml:space="preserve"> tunc poſitio eius apud duos uiſus erit diuerſa in parte.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4253" xml:space="preserve"> Nam cum fuerit inter duos
              <lb/>
            axes, erit dextrum unius axis, ſiniſtrum alterius, & radij exeuntes ad ipſum ab altero uiſo, erunt de-
              <lb/>
            xtri ab axe, & qui exeũt ad ipſum à reliquo uiſo, erunt ſiniſtri:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4254" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic poſitio eius apud duos uiſus erit
              <lb/>
            diuerſa in parte.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4255" xml:space="preserve"> Et forma huiuſmodi uiſorũ inſtituitur in duobus uiſibus, in duobus locis diuerſæ
              <lb/>
            poſitionis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4256" xml:space="preserve"> & duæ formæ, quæ inſtituuntur in duobus uiſibus, perueniẽt ad duo loca diuerſa conca
              <lb/>
            uitatum communis nerui, & erunt à duobus lateribus centri.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4257" xml:space="preserve"> Quapropter erunt duæ formę, & non
              <lb/>
            ſuperponentur ſibi.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4258" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter cum fuerit uiſum in altero axe, & extra reliquum, forma eius inſti-
              <lb/>
            tuetur in concauitate communis nerui, in duobus locis, una ſcilicet in centro, & alia obliqua à cen-
              <lb/>
            tro, & non ſuperponentur ſibi.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4259" xml:space="preserve"> Secundum ergo hos modos inſtituetur forma uiſibilium in duobus
              <lb/>
            uiſibus, & in concauitate communis nerui.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4260" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div149" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head174" xml:space="preserve" style="it">12. Viſibile aliàs unum: aliàs geminum uideri organo ostenditur. 108 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4261" xml:space="preserve">OMnia autẽ, quę diximus, ſic poſſunt experimentari experimẽto:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4262" xml:space="preserve"> cum quo ueniet certifica-
              <lb/>
            tio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4263" xml:space="preserve"> Accipiatur tabula leuis ligni:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4264" xml:space="preserve"> cuius longitudo ſit unius cubiti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4265" xml:space="preserve"> & cuius latitudo ſit qua-
              <lb/>
              <figure xlink:label="fig-0087-01" xlink:href="fig-0087-01a" number="17">
                <variables xml:id="echoid-variables10" xml:space="preserve">d z c s f r t q k l h b n m a</variables>
              </figure>
            tuor dígitorũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4266" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit bene plana & æqualis
              <lb/>
            & læuis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4267" xml:space="preserve"> & ſint fines ſuæ longitudinis æquidiſtan
              <lb/>
            tes, & ſuæ latitudines æquidιſtantes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4268" xml:space="preserve"> & ſint in ipſa
              <lb/>
            duæ diametrι ſe ſecantes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4269" xml:space="preserve"> à quarũ loco ſectionis
              <lb/>
            extrahatur linea recta æquidiſtans duobus fini-
              <lb/>
            bus longitudinis [per 31 p 1.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4270" xml:space="preserve">] Et extrahatur etiam
              <lb/>
            à loco ſectionis linea recta perpendicularis ſuper
              <lb/>
            lineam primam poſitam in medio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4271" xml:space="preserve"> [per 11 p 1] &
              <lb/>
            intingantur iſtæ lineæ tincturis lucidis dιuerſo-
              <lb/>
            rum colorum, ut bene appareant:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4272" xml:space="preserve"> ſed tamen duæ
              <lb/>
            diametri ſint unius coloris.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4273" xml:space="preserve"> Et fiat cauatura in me
              <lb/>
            dio latitudιnis tabulæ, apud extremum lineæ re-
              <lb/>
            ctæ poſitę in medio, & inter duas diametros con-
              <lb/>
            cauιtate rotũda, & quaſi pyramidaliter, ſic ut poſ-
              <lb/>
            ſit intrare cornu naſi, quando tabula ſuperpone-
              <lb/>
            tur ei, quouſq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4274" xml:space="preserve"> tangãt duo anguli tabulę ferè duo
              <lb/>
            media ſuperficierum duorum uiſuum, quamuis
              <lb/>
            non tangent.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4275" xml:space="preserve"> Sit igitur tabula in figura a b c d:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4276" xml:space="preserve"> &
              <lb/>
            diametrι a d, b c:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4277" xml:space="preserve"> & punctus ſectionιs ſit q:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4278" xml:space="preserve"> & linea
              <lb/>
            extenſa in medio longitudinis ſit h q z:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4279" xml:space="preserve"> & linea ſe-
              <lb/>
            cans hanc lineam ſecundum angulos rectos ſit k
              <lb/>
            q t:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4280" xml:space="preserve"> & concauitas, quæ eſt in medio latitudinis ta-
              <lb/>
            bulæ, ſit illa, quæ continetur à linea m h n.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4281" xml:space="preserve"> Hac
              <lb/>
            igitur tabula facta hoc modo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s4282" xml:space="preserve"> accipiatur cera al-
              <lb/>
            ba, ex qua fiant tria indiuidua parua columna-
              <lb/>
            </s>
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