Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

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[61.] 11. Viſio per anticipatam notionem fit quodammodo per ſyllogiſmum. 63 p 3.
[62.] 12. Viſio per ſyllogiſmum, fit plerun breui tempore. 69 p 3.
[63.] 13. Viſio per anticipatam notionem fit in tempore: & qualitas ei{us} plerunque ignoratur. 64. 69 p 3.
[64.] 14. È uiſibili ſæpi{us} uiſoremanet in animo gener alis notio, qua quodlibet uiſibile ſimile per-cipitur & cognoſcitur. 61 p 3.
[65.] DE OMNIBVS INTENTIONIBVS COMPREHENSIS À VISV: & qualiter comprehendat uiſus quamlib et illarum. Cap. XI. 15. Species uiſibiles principes ſunt uigintiduæ: adquas reliquæ omnes referuntur. In hypo. 3 lib. in præfa. 4 libr.
[66.] 16. Viſio perficitur, cum forma uiſibilis cryſtallino humore recepta, in neruum opticum per-uenerit. 20 p 3. Idem 25 n 1.
[67.] 17. È ſpecieb{us} uiſibilib{us} primùm percipitur eſſentia lucis & coloris. 67 p 3.
[68.] 18. Lux & color ex ſeſe, ſolo uiſu percipiuntur. 59 p 3.
[69.] 19. Color ex ſeſe, pri{us} percipitur, quàm ipſi{us} eſſentia. Ita uiſibile quodlibet ex ſeſe pri{us} percipitur, quàm ipſi{us} eſſentia. 68 p 3.
[70.] 20. Eſſentia coloris percipitur in tempore. Ita eſſentia cui{us}libet uiſibilis percipi-tur in tempore. 70 p 3.
[71.] 21. Lux & color exſeſe, percipiuntur in tempore.
[72.] 22. Perceptio diſtantiæ uiſibilis differt à perceptionibus loci uiſibilis, & uiſibilis in ſuo lo-60. 14 p 4.
[73.] 23. Viſio non fit radijs ab oculo emißis. 5 p 3. Vide 23 n 1.
[74.] 24. Remotio uiſibilis percipitur diſtinctione & anticipata notione. 9 p 4.
[75.] 25. Magnitudo diſtantiæ percipitur è corporibus communibus inter uiſum & uiſibile in-teriectis. 10 p 4.
[76.] 26. Situs percipitur è uiſibilis ſiti moderata diſt antia. 29 p 4.
[77.] 27. Locus & oppoſitio uiſibilis percipiuntur è ſitu, quem obtinent in ſuperficie uiſus. 30 p 4. Vide 22 n.
[78.] 28. Situs directus & obliquus lineæ, ſuperficiei, & ſpatij percipitur ex æquabili & inæqua-bili terminorum diſtantia. 31 p 4.
[79.] 29. Situs uiſibilis obliquus ex immoderata diſtantia uidetur direct{us}. 34 p 4.
[80.] 30. Situs partium & terminorum rei uiſibilis, & ſitus uiſibilium diſtinctorum per-cipiuntur ex æquabili & inæquabili diſtantia, ordinéque formarum ad uiſum manantium. 32 p 4.
[81.] 31. Solidit{as} quorundam corporum ſolo uiſu percipitur: quorundam uiſu & ſyllo-giſmo ſimul. 63 p 4.
[82.] 32. Circulus percipitur è ſitu, quem obtinet in ſuperficie uiſus. 45 p 4.
[83.] 33. Superficies globoſa percipitur è propinquitate partium mediarum, & æquabi-li longinquitate extremarum. 48 p 4.
[84.] 34. Superficies caua percipit ur è longinquit ate partium mediarum, & æquabilipro-pinquitate extremarum. 49 p 4.
[85.] 35. Planities in diſtantia moderata directè oppoſita uiſui: percipitur ex æquabili partium longinquitate, & ſimilitudine collocationis atque ordinis ipſarum inter i-pſas. 47 p 4.
[86.] 36. Magnitudo nec ex angulo pyramidis opticæ tantum: nec ex anguli & diſtantiæ compa-ratione percipitur. 27 p 4.
[87.] 37. Magnitudo rei uiſibilis percipitur è magnitudine partis ſuperficiei uiſ{us} (in quam per-uenit forma) & angulo pyramidis opticæ. 17 p 4.
[88.] 38. Magnitudo uera uiſibilis percipitur è comparatione baſis anguli, & longitu-dine pyramidis opticæ. 27 p 4.
[89.] 39. Magnitudo diſt antiæ percipiturè corporib{us} communib{us}, inter uiſum & ui-ſibile interiectis. 10 p 4. Idem 25 n.
[90.] 40. Viſibile propinquum uiſui accur ati{us} uidetur. 15 p 4.
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        <div xml:id="echoid-div191" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head220" xml:space="preserve" style="it">53. In ſitu. 44 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5469" xml:space="preserve">IN ſitu propter quantitatis paruitatem eſt error.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5470" xml:space="preserve"> Quoniam granum ſinapis ſi fuerit ab oculo de-
              <lb/>
            clinatum, tamen uidetur rectum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5471" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam pro paruitate nimia non poteſt deprehendi declina-
              <lb/>
            tio huius grani ſuper lineam intellectualem, in quam axis communis cadit orthogonaliter:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5472" xml:space="preserve"> quo-
              <lb/>
            niam non plenè diſcernitur longitudo inter hanc lineam & extremitates grani, cum ſit minima.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5473" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            ſecundum hanc longitudinem conſideratur declinatio eius ſuper lineam illam.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5474" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſecundum hanc
              <lb/>
            lineam conſideratur ſemper declinatio rei uiſæ, reſpectu uiſus utriuſque.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5475" xml:space="preserve"> Et ita error eſt in ſitu, ex
              <lb/>
            quantitate immoderata.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5476" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div192" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head221" xml:space="preserve" style="it">54. In figura & magnitudine. 97. 28 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5477" xml:space="preserve">IN figura.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5478" xml:space="preserve"> Cum enim res uiſa fuerit multùm parua, & fuerint in ea anguli:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5479" xml:space="preserve"> anguli occultab untur
              <lb/>
            uiſui:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5480" xml:space="preserve"> unde fortaſſe eius forma, cum non ſit, æſtimabitur rotunda aut longa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5481" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi fuerit in ea incur
              <lb/>
            uatio modica, latebit uiſum, & æſtimabitur ſuperficies eius plana:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5482" xml:space="preserve"> unde palàm, quòd error eſt in
              <lb/>
            figura.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5483" xml:space="preserve"> In quantitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5484" xml:space="preserve"> Quantitas intemperata errorem inuehit:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5485" xml:space="preserve"> Propoſitis enim uiſui duobus corpo
              <lb/>
            ribus, quorum unum modicè excedat aliud in longitudine ſola, aut in latitudine:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5486" xml:space="preserve"> forſitã iudicabun-
              <lb/>
            tur æqualia omni dimenſione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5487" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt error iſte:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5488" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam excrementum unius dimenſionis ſuper a-
              <lb/>
            liam, euaſit fines temperantiæ, reſpectu uiſus, cum ſit ei inſenſibile præ nimia ſua diminutione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5489" xml:space="preserve"> Ob
              <lb/>
            hoc neceſſariæ ſunt menſuræ, ut uerificentur quantitates corporum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5490" xml:space="preserve"> cum non acquiratur certitu-
              <lb/>
            do per uiſum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5491" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div193" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head222" xml:space="preserve" style="it">55. In diuiſione, continuatione, & numero: motu & quiete. 109. 138 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5492" xml:space="preserve">IN diuiſione error accidit.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5493" xml:space="preserve"> Capillo enim adhęrente uitro:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5494" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit diuiſio eſſe in uitro & fiſſura,
              <lb/>
            cum ibi ſit continuitas uera:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5495" xml:space="preserve"> & prouenit hoc ex capilli tenuitate, quoniam ſi adhęſerit uitro quan
              <lb/>
            titas corpulenta:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5496" xml:space="preserve"> non ęſtimabitur in eo fiſſura.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5497" xml:space="preserve"> In continuitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5498" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim prætendantur uiſui folia
              <lb/>
            pergameni tenuia, æqualis latitudinis bene compreſſa, & ignoret uidẽs eſſe folia:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5499" xml:space="preserve"> iudicabit ipſa eſſe
              <lb/>
            cõtinua, & unũ corpus efficere.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5500" xml:space="preserve"> Et eſt erroris cauſſa quãtitas uię interiacẽtis inter folia, quę præ ſua
              <lb/>
            paruitate non percipitur à uidente.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5501" xml:space="preserve"> Et eadẽ erit cauſſa erroris numeri, quæ cõtinuitatis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5502" xml:space="preserve"> In motu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5503" xml:space="preserve"> Si
              <lb/>
            enim moueantur duo, quorum unum moueatur paulò uelocius alio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5504" xml:space="preserve"> putabit uidẽs æqualẽ eſſe mo
              <lb/>
            tum corum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5505" xml:space="preserve"> quia inſenſibile eſt unius ſuper aliud excrementum uidenti.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5506" xml:space="preserve"> Similiter quantitas exceſ-
              <lb/>
            ſus uiæ, quã incedit unus ſuper eã, quã incedit alius, imperceptibilis eſt uiſui.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5507" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde iudicatur ęqua-
              <lb/>
            litas uiarum & motuũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5508" xml:space="preserve"> In quiete.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5509" xml:space="preserve"> Cũ enim offertur uiſui aliquid multũ paruum, forſitan mouebitur
              <lb/>
            pars eius aliqua, & ipſum iudicabitur immotum, cum motus partis lateat uiſum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5510" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div194" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head223" xml:space="preserve" style="it">56. In aſperitate & lenitate: raritate & denſitate: umbra & tenebris. 141. 144. 147 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5511" xml:space="preserve">IN aſperitate & læuitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5512" xml:space="preserve"> Cũ enim occurrerit uiſui res multũ parua:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5513" xml:space="preserve"> iudicabitur forſan lęuitas, ubi
              <lb/>
            fuerit aſperitas, & è cõtrario.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5514" xml:space="preserve"> Quoniã, ut dictũ eſt, [53 n 2] aſperitas nõ cõprehẽditur in corpore,
              <lb/>
            niſi ex umbra quarun dam partiũ ſuper alias, uel eminentia earum, & depreſsione aliarũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5515" xml:space="preserve"> quod to
              <lb/>
            tum occultabitur iudicio uidentis, præ nimia paruitate corporis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5516" xml:space="preserve"> In raritate & ſoliditate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5517" xml:space="preserve"> Si quis e-
              <lb/>
            nim intueatur corpus ualde paruum politũ, ut ab eo lux poſsit reflecti, ſicut eſt margaritæ ſimile:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5518" xml:space="preserve"> ra
              <lb/>
            rum eſſe iudicabitur, cum non ſit.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5519" xml:space="preserve"> Similiter uiſo corpore raro multũ paruo, quòd poſtipſum non ſit
              <lb/>
            corporis ſolidi comprehenſio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5520" xml:space="preserve"> exiſtimatur eſſe ſolidum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5521" xml:space="preserve"> In umbra & tenebris.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5522" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim in pariete al-
              <lb/>
            bo uiſui oppoſito fuerit punctorum ualde nigrorum diſtinctio, adhibita ſolis luce, ſed directè in pa-
              <lb/>
            rietem cadente uel prope:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5523" xml:space="preserve"> æſtimabuntur à uidente ſingula puncta ſingula eſſe foramina, poſt quę e-
              <lb/>
            rumpant tenebræ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5524" xml:space="preserve"> unde error cum tenebrarum æſtimatione ex ſola punctorum paruitate:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5525" xml:space="preserve"> qui non
              <lb/>
            accideret, ſi nigredo quantumcunq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5526" xml:space="preserve"> intenſa magnam partem parietis inficeret.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5527" xml:space="preserve"> Si aũt fuerit in pun
              <lb/>
            ctis illis nigredo non adec̀ intenſa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5528" xml:space="preserve"> reputabũtur quidem puncta illa, foramina, in quibus ſit umbra:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5529" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            cum lux nõ penetret ea, ſicut ſolet accidere luce ſuper multorum foraminum ſpeciem cadente.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5530" xml:space="preserve"> Vn
              <lb/>
            de error um bræ ex ſo a punctorum diminutione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5531" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div195" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head224" xml:space="preserve" style="it">57. In pulchritudine & deformitate: ſimilitudine & dißimilitudine. 150. 153 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5532" xml:space="preserve">IN ſpecie & deformitate:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5533" xml:space="preserve"> Cum præ ſua paruitate occultantur uiſui deturpantes corpus uiſum ma
              <lb/>
            culę, accidit erroneum de ſpecie iudicium:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5534" xml:space="preserve"> quia ſumitur ex apparentibus tantùm:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5535" xml:space="preserve"> Sicut eſt error
              <lb/>
            in deformitate, cum propter paruitatem lateant picturæ decorem ingerentes rei uiſæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5536" xml:space="preserve"> In ſimilitu
              <lb/>
            dine & diſsimilitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5537" xml:space="preserve"> Cum enim notæ minutiſsimæ inter aliqua corpora, ſimilitudinis aut diſsi-
              <lb/>
            militudinis fuerint cauſſæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5538" xml:space="preserve"> quia prætereunt uiſum præ paruitate ſua, iudicabitur ſimilitudo aut diſ-
              <lb/>
            ſimilitudo omnimoda:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5539" xml:space="preserve"> & ſumetur iudicium ex apparentibus tãtùm.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5540" xml:space="preserve"> In omnibus prędictis eſt error
              <lb/>
            in ſyllogiſmo ex paruitate corporis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5541" xml:space="preserve"> cum ea exiſtente tẽperata non accidat error, alijs immotis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5542" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div196" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head225" xml:space="preserve" style="it">58. Solidit {as} immoderata creat errores in ſingulis uiſibilibus ſpeciebus. In diſtantia &
            <lb/>
          ſitu. 16. 44 p 4.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5543" xml:space="preserve">SOliditas aliquando egreditur temperamentum, & errorem inducit in quolibet eorum, quæ cõ
              <lb/>
            prehenduntur per ſyllogiſmum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5544" xml:space="preserve"> In lõgitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5545" xml:space="preserve"> Si enim minima fuerit corporis ſoliditas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5546" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5547" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            ut ſit ualde rarum, ſicut eſt cryſtallus pura, & ſit poſt ipſam corpus lucidũ luce forti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5548" xml:space="preserve"> non cõpre-
              <lb/>
            hendetur cryſtallus, ſed quaſi nullum eſſet intermedium, cõprehẽdetur corpus per ipſam:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5549" xml:space="preserve"> unde, cũ
              <lb/>
            quaſi non ſit, fiat rari acquiſitio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5550" xml:space="preserve"> non plena erit longitudinis eius ab eo comprehẽſio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5551" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde error in
              <lb/>
            longitudine.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s5552" xml:space="preserve"> Quare ſi corporis rari ſitus fuerit declinatus, occultabitur uidẽti declinatio, & iudica-
              <lb/>
            </s>
          </p>
        </div>
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