Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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and making a brave Defence. </
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<
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>The whole Pur
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poſe of an Aſſault is to break in either upon a
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Town or a Fortification. </
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<
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>I ſhall not ſpeak here
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either of Scaling-ladders, by Means whereof
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you mount the Wall in ſpite of the Enemy;
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nor of Mines, moveable Towers, Engines for
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Battery, nor of any other Methods of Offence
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either by Fire, Water, or any other Force: In
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aſmuch as we intend to treat of theſe military
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Engines more clearly in another Place. </
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<
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>Thus
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much it may be proper here to mention, that
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againſt the Violence of Battery we ſhould op
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poſe Beams, Planks, Parapets of ſtrong Tim
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ber, Hurdles, Ropes, Faſcines, Sacks ſtuffed
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with Wool, Ruſhes, or Earth; and they ſhould
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be ſo contrived as to hang looſe and pliable.
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<
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>Againſt Fire theſe Things ought to be wetted,
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and eſpecially with Vinegar, or Mud, and co
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vered with Brick unbaked; againſt Water, to
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prevent the Bricks from being waſhed away,
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they ſhould be covered over with the Hides of
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Beaſts; and laſtly, againſt Battery, that the
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Hides may not be broken through or torn
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away, add any coarſe Cloths or Tarpawlins
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thoroughly wetted and ſoaked. </
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<
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>Circumvalla
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tions or Trenches round the Place beſieged,
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ought for ſeveral Reaſons to be drawn pretty
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near it; for by that Means their Circuit will
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be leſs, they will require fewer Hands, Ex
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pence and Materials, to finiſh them, and when
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finiſhed, the fewer Men will be neceſſary to
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defend them: But they muſt not run ſo cloſe
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under the Wall, that the Beſieged may an
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noy your Men within their Trenches by En
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gines upon the Wall. </
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<
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>If the Circumvallation
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be only intended to cut off from the Beſieged
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all Manner of Supplies, either of Men or Pro
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viſions from without; you may do this by
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ſtopping up all the Ways and Paſſages, either
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by barracading the Bridges, and Fords, and
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blocking up the Roads with ſtrong Fences of
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Wood or Stones; or by running up a continu
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ed Rampart to joyn together the Lakes, Bogs,
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Marſhes, Rivers and Hills; or if you can any
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Ways lay the Country under Water. </
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<
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>To theſe
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Precautions we ſhould add thoſe which relate
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to the Defence of our own Camp: For the
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Trenches, Ramparts, Towers and the like
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ought to be ſo well fortified both towards the
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Place beſieged, and on the Side of any Coun
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try that might throw in Succours, that the
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former may not be able to annoy you by Sallies,
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nor the Latter by Incurſions. </
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<
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>Moreover, in
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convenient Places erect Watch-towers and
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Forts, that your Men may go out to forage for
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Wood, Water and Proviſions with Safety and
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Freedom. </
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>But do not let your Troops be diſ
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perſed up and down in Places ſo remote from
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one another, that they cannot obey the Orders
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of a ſingle General, nor fight with united
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Forces, nor be ready at Hand to aſſiſt one an
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other upon any ſudden Emergency. </
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<
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>It will
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not be foreign to our Purpoſe to ſet down here
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an Account of a Fortification out of
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Appian,
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well worthy to be remembered. </
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<
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>He tells us,
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that when
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Octavianus Auguſtus
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beſieged
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Lu
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cius Antonius
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in
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Peruſia,
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he made a Trench
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quite to the
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Tyber,
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ſeven Miles long, thirty
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Foot broad, and as many deep: Which he for
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tified with a high Wall, and with a thouſand
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and fifty wooden Towers ſtanding up, each
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threeſcore Foot above the Wall, and made the
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Whole ſo ſtrong, that the Beſieged were not
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more ſtraitened in by it, than they were ex
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cluded from annoying the Enemy in any Part.
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<
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>And thus much may ſuffice for Incampments
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or Stations by Land, unleſs it may be thought
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neceſſary to add, that we ought to chuſe out a
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Place of the greateſt Dignity and Honour,
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wherein to plant the Standard of the Com
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monwealth with befitting Majeſty, where the
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Rites of Religion may be performed with all
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due Reverence, and where the Generals and
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other chief Officers may meet either in Coun
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cil or for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice.</
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<
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>CHAP. XII.</
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Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which are Fleets; of Ships and their
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Parts; as alſo of Havens and their proper Fortification.
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<
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>Some perhaps will not allow that Fleets
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are Sea Incampments; but will be rather
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for ſaying, that we uſe Ships like a Kind of
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Water Elephant, which we direct as we pleaſe
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by its Bridle; and that the Haven is much
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more like a Sea Incampment, than the Fleet.
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<
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>Others on the Contrary, will ſay, that a Ship
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is no other than a travelling Fortreſs. </
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<
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>We ſhall </
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