Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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paſs by theſe Diſputes, and proceed to ſhew
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that there are two Things by Means of which
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the Art of Building may contribute to the
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Saſety and Victory of Generals of Fleets and
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their Forces: The Firſt conſiſts in the right
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Conſtruction and Rigging of the Veſſels, and
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the Second in the proper fortifying the Haven;
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whether you are to go to attack the Enemy,
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or to ſtay to defend yourſelf. </
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<
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>The primary
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Uſe of Shipping is to convey you and yours:
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The Second, is to fight without Danger. </
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<
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>The
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Danger muſt ariſe either from the Ships them
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ſelves, in which Caſe it ſeems to be innate and
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incorporate with them; or elſe muſt happen to
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them from without. </
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<
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>That from without, is
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from the Force and Violence of Winds and
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Waves, from Rocks and Shelves; all which are
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to be avoided by Experience in Sea-affairs, and
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a thorough Knowledge of Places and Winds:
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But the Danger incorporate and innate with
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the Veſſel itſelf, ariſes either from the Deſign,
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or the Timbers; againſt which Defects it falls
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under our Province to provide. </
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<
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>We ſhould
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reject all Timber that is brittle, or apt to ſplit,
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too heavy or liable to rot ſoon. </
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<
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>Nails and Pins
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of Braſs or Copper, are reckoned better than
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thoſe of Iron. </
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<
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>I have obſerved by Means of
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Trajan
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's Ship, which while I was writing this
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Treatiſe was dug up out of the
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lago di Nemi,
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where it had lain under Water above thirteen
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hundred Years, that the Pine and Cypreſs
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Wood which was in it had remained ſurpriz
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ingly ſound. </
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<
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>It was covered on the Outſide
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with double Planks, done over with
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Greek
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Pitch, to which ſtuck a Coat of Linen Cloth,
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and that again was plated over with Sheets of
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Lead faſtened on with braſs Nails. </
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<
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>The anci
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ent Architects took the Model of their Ships
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from the Shape of a Fiſh; that Part which
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was the Back of the Fiſh, in the Ship was the
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Keel; that which in the Fiſh was the Head,
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in the Ship was the Prow; the Tail was the
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Helm, and inſtead of Fins and Gills, they made
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Oars. </
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<
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>Ships are of two Sorts, and are built
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either for Burthen or for Speed: A long Veſ
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ſel cuts its Way quickeſt through the Water,
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eſpecially when it Sails before the Wind; but
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a ſhort one is moſt obedient to the Helm. </
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<
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>I
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would not have the Length of a Veſſel of Bur
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then leſs than three Times its Breadth; nor
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that of a Veſſel for Speed, more than nine
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Times. </
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<
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>We have treated more particularly of
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every Thing relating to a Veſſel in a Book in
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tended wholly for that Purpoſe, called the
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Ship; and therefore ſhall have Occaſion to ſay
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no more of it here, than what is juſt neceſſary.
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</
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<
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>The Parts of a Ship are theſe, the Keel, the
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Poop, the Prow, the two Sides, to which you
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may, if you pleaſe, add the Sail, the Helm,
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and the Reſt of the Parts that belong to the
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Courſe of the Ship. </
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<
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>The Hollow of the Veſſel
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will bear any Weight that is equal to the
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Weight of Water that would fill it quite up to
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the Top. </
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<
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>The Keel muſt be ſtraight, but all
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the other Parts made with curve Lines. </
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<
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>The
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broader the Keel is, the greater Weight the
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Veſſel will carry, but then it will be the ſlow
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er; the narrower the Keel is, the Swiſter will
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be the Ship, but then it will be unſteady, un
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leſs you fill it with Ballaſt. </
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<
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>The broad Keel is
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moſt convenient in ſhallow Water; but in deep
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Seas the narrow one will be more ſecure. </
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<
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>The
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Sides and Prow built high will make the ſtout
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eſt Reſiſtance againſt the Waves, but then
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they are more expoſed to Danger from the
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Winds; the Sharper the Head is, the Swifter
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the Ship will make its Way; and the Thinner
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the Stern, the more Steady will be the Veſſel
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in its Courſe. </
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<
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>The Sides of the Ship towards
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the Head ought to be very ſtout, and a little
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Swelling outwards to throw off the Waves
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when it ploughs through the Water both with
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Sails and Oars; but towards the Stern they
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ſhould grow narrower, in order to ſlip through
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the Waves with the more Eaſe. </
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<
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>A Number
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of Helms adds Firmneſs to the Veſſel, but takes
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off from its Swiftneſs. </
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<
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>The Maſt ſhould be as
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long as the whole Ship. </
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<
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>We ſhall not here
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deſcend to other minute Particulars neceſſary
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both to the Way and Defence of the Veſſel,
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ſuch as Oars, Ropes, ſharp Beaks, Towers,
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Bridges and the like; but ſhall only obſerve,
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that the Planks and Timbers which hang
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down by the Sides and ſtick out by the Beak
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of the Veſſel, will ſerve inſtead of a Fortifica
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tion againſt the Attacks of the Enemy as will
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Poles ſtuck upright, inſtead of Towers, and
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the Boom, or the Skiff laid over the Boom, in
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ſtead of Bridges. </
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<
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>The Ancients uſed in the
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Prow of their Ships to place a military En
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gine, which they called a
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Corvus:
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But our
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Mariners now in the Head and Stem of their
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Veſſels near the Maſts have learnt to ſet up
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Towers, which they fence round with old
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coarſe Cloths, Ropes, Sacks, and the like, to
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deaden the Force of any Violence that might
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attack them; and to keep off any Enemy that
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ſhould attempt to board them, they ſet up a
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Fence of Net-work. </
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<
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>I have in another Place
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contrived and ſhewn how the Floor of the Ship </
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