Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              becauſe that indeed it would not both by Purlings and by Brea­
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              ches occaſion ſome inconvenience; eſpecially, in the beginning:
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              but becauſe I hold this for the incomodities of it, to be a far leſs
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              evil than any of the reſt; and becauſe that by this means there is
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              no occaſion given to them of
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              Ferrara,
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              to explain that they are
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              deprived of the hope of ever ſeeing the P
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              o
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              again under the Walls
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              of their City: To whom, where it may be done, it is but reaſon
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              that ſatisfaction ſhould be given.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>It is certain that P
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              o
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              was placed by Nature in the midſt of this
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              great Valley made by the
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              Appennine
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              Hills, and by the Alps, to
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              carry, as the Maſter-Drain to the Sea, that is the grand receptacle
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              of all Waters; thoſe particular ſtreams which deſcend from
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              them.</s>
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            <p type="main">
              <s>That the
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              Reno
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              by all Geographers,
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              Strabo, Pliuy, Solimas,
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              Mella,
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              and others is enumerated among the Rivers that fall into
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              the ſaid P
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              o.
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              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>That although P
                <emph type="italics"/>
              o
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              ſhould of it ſelf change its courſe, yet would
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Reno
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              go to look it out, if the works erected by humane ind uſtry
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              did not obſtruct its paſſage; ſo that it neither is, nor ought to
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              ſeem ſtrange, if one for the greater common good ſhould turn it
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              into the ſame.</s>
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              <s>Now at
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              Stellata
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              it may go ſeveral waies into P
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              o,
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              as appeareth
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              by the levels that were taken by my Order; of all which I ſhould
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              beſt like the turning of it to
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              la Botta de' Ghiſlieri,
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              carrying it
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              above
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              Bondeno
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              to the Church of
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              Gambarone,
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              or a little higher or
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              lower, as ſhall be judged leaſt prejudicial, when it cometh to the
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              execution, and this for two principal reaſons: The one becauſe
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              that then it will run along by the confines of the Church P tri­
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              mony, without ſeparating
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              Ferrara
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              from the reſt of it; The other
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              is, Becauſe the Line is ſhorter, and conſequently the fall greater;
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              for that in a ſpace of ten miles and one third, it falleth twenty ſix
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              feet, more by much than is required by Artiſts; and would go
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              by places where it could do but little hurt, notwithſtanding that
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              the perſons interreſſed ſtudy to amplifie it incredibly.</s>
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              <s>On the contrary, there are but onely two objections that are
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              worthy to be examined; One, That the Drains and Ditches of
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              S.
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              Bianca,
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              of the Chanel of
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              Cento,
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              and of
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              Burana,
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              and all thoſe
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              others that enter into P
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              o,
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              do hinder this diverſion of
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              Reno,
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              by the
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              encreaſing of the waters in the P
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              o.
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              The other is that P
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              o
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              riſing
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              about the Tranſom of the
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              Pilaſter
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              -Sluice, very near 20 feet, the
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Reno
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              would have no fall into the ſame; whereupon it would riſe
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              to a terrible height, at which it would not be poſſible to make, or
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              keep the Banks made, ſo that it would break out and drown
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              the Meadowes, and cauſe miſchiefs, and damages unſpeakable
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              and irreparable; as is evident by the experiment made upon </s>
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