Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755

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              contrived for different Seaſons, ſome to be uſed
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              n Summer, others in Winter; and others as we
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              may ſay in the middle Seaſons. </s>
              <s>Parlours for
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              Summer require Water and the Verdure of
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              Gardens; thoſe for Winter, muſt be warm and
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              have good Fire-places. </s>
              <s>Both ſhould be large,
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              pleaſant and delicate. </s>
              <s>There are many Ar­
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              guments to convince us that Chimnies were in
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              Uſe among the Ancients; but not ſuch as ours
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              are now. </s>
              <s>One of the Ancients ſays, the Tops
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              of the Houſes ſmoke,
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              Et fumant culmina tecti:
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              And we find it continues the ſame all over
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              Italy
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              to this Day, except in
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              Lombardy
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              and
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              Tuſcany,
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              and that the Mouths of none of the
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              Chimnies riſe higher than the Tops of the
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              Houſes.
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              Vitruvius
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              ſays, that in Winter Par­
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              lours it is ridiculous to adorn the Ceiling with
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              handſome Painting, becauſe it will be preſent­
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              ly ſpoilt by the conſtant Smoke and continual
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              Fires; for which Reaſon the Ancients uſed to
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              paint thoſe Ceilings with Black, that it might
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              ſeem to be done by the Smoke itſelf. </s>
              <s>I find
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              too, that they made Uſe of a purified Sort of
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              Wood, that was quite clear of Smoke, like our
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              Charcoal, upon which Account it was a Diſ­
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              pute among the Lawyers, whether or no Coal
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              was to come under the Denomination of Wood;
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              and therefore it is probable they generally uſed
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              moveable Hearths or Chafing-pans either of
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              Braſs or Iron, which they carried from Place to
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              Place where-everthey had Occaſion to make a
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              Fire. </s>
              <s>And perhaps that warlike Race of Men,
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              hardened by continual Incampments, did not
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              make ſo much Uſe of Fire as we do now; and
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              Phyſicians will not allow it wholeſome, to be
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              too much by the Fire-ſide.
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              Ariſtotle
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              ſays,
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              that the Fleſh of Animals gains its Firmneſs
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              and Solidity from Cold; and thoſe whoſe Buſi­
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              neſs it is to take Notice of Things of this Na­
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              ture have obſerved, that thoſe working Men
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              who are continually employed about the Fur­
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              nace have generally dry wrinkled Skins; the
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              Reaſon of which they ſay is, becauſe the Jui­
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              ces, of which the Fleſh is formed, are exhauſt­
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              ed by the Fire, and evaporate in Steam. </s>
              <s>In
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              Germany, Colchos,
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              and other Places, where Fire
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              is abſolutely neceſſary againſt the extreme
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              Cold, they make Uſe of Stoves; of which we
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              ſhall ſpeak elſewhere. </s>
              <s>Let us return to the
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              Chimney, which may be beſt made ſerviceable
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              in the following Manner. </s>
              <s>It muſt be as direct
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              as poſſible, capacious, not too far from the
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              Light, it muſt not draw the Wind too much,
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              but enough however to carry up the Smoke,
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              which elſe would not go up the Tunnel. </s>
              <s>For
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              theſe Reaſons do not make it juſt in a Corner,
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              nor too far within the Wall, nor let it take up
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              the beſt Part of the Room where your chief
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              Gueſts ought to ſit. </s>
              <s>Do not let it be in­
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              commoded by the Air either of Doors or Win­
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              dows, nor ſhould it project too ſar out into the
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              Room. </s>
              <s>Let its Tunnel be very wide and car­
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              ried up perpendicular, and let the Top of it
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              riſe above the higheſt Part of the whole Build­
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              ing; and this not only upon Account of the
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              Danger of Fire, but alſo to prevent the Smoke
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              from being driven down the Chimney again by
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              any Eddy of Wind on the Top of the Houſe.
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              </s>
              <s>Smoke being hot naturally mounts, and the
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              Heat of the Flame quickens its Aſcent: When
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              it comes therefore into the Tunnel of the
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              Chimney, it is compreſſed and ſtraitened as in
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              a Channel, and being puſhed on by the Heat
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              of the Fire, is thruſt out in the ſame Manner
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              as the Sound is out of a Trumpet. </s>
              <s>And as a
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              Trumpet, if it is too big, does not give a clear
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              Sound, becauſe the Air has Room to rowl about
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              in it; the ſame will hold good with Relation
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              to the Smoke in a Chimney. </s>
              <s>Let the Top of
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              the Chimney be covered to keep out Rain, and
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              all round the Sides let there be wide Holes for
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              the Paſſage of the Smoke, with Breaks projec­
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              ting out between each Hole to keep off the
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              Violence of the Wind. </s>
              <s>Where this is not ſo
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              convenient, erect an upright Pin, and on it hang
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              a braſs Cover broad enough to take in the
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              whole Mouth of the Chimney, and let this Co­
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              ver have a Vane at the Top like a Sort of
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              Creſt, which like a Helm may turn it round
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              according to the Wind. </s>
              <s>Another very good
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              Method alſo is to ſet on the Chimney Top ſome
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              Spire like a Hunter's Horn, either of Braſs or
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              baked Earth, broader at one End than the
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              other, with the broad End turned downwards
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              to the Mouth of the Chimney; by which
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              means the Smoke being received in at the
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              broad End, will force its Way out at the Nar­
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              row, in Spite of the Wind. </s>
              <s>To the Parlours
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              we muſt accommodate the Kitchen, and the
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              Pantry for ſetting by what is left after Meals,
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              together with all Manner of Veſſels and Linen.
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              </s>
              <s>The Kitchen ought to be neither juſt under the
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              Noſes of the Gueſts, nor at too great a Diſ­
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              tance; but ſo that the Victuals may be brought
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              in neither too hot nor too cold, and that the
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              Noiſe of the Scullions, with the Clatter of
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              their Pans, Diſhes and other Utenſils, may not
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              be troubleſome. </s>
              <s>The Paſſage through which
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              the Victuals are to be carried, ſhould be hand­
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              ſome and convenient, not open to the Weather, </s>
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