Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              without the leaſt errour; which Rule was taught me by my
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              Maſter
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              Sign. </s>
              <s>Galilæo Galilæi,
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              Chief Philoſopher to the moſt Se­
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              rene
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              Grand Duke
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              of
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              Tuſcany.
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              And this way will ſerve eaſily and
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              admirably to our purpoſe and occaſion; ſo that we ſhall
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              thereby be able to know how many Quarts of Water an A­
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              queduct will diſcharge in a given time of hours, moneths, or
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              years. </s>
              <s>And in this manner we may conſtitute a Cock that ſhall
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              diſcharge a certain and determinate quantity of water in a time
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              given.</s>
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              <s>And becauſe daily experience ſhews us, that the Springs of A­
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              queducts do not maintain them alwayes equally high, and full
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              of Water, but that ſometimes they increaſe, and ſometimes de­
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              creaſe, which accident might poſſibly procure ſome difficulty in
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              our diſtribution: Therefore, to the end that all manner of ſcru­
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              ple may be removed, I conceive that it would be convenient to
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              provide a Ciſtern, according to the occaſion, into which there
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              might alwayes fall one certain quantity of water, which ſhould
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              not be greater than that which the principal pipe diſchargeth in
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              times of drought, when the Springs are bare of water, that ſo in
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              this Ciſtern the water might alwayes keep at one conſtant height.
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              <s>Then to the Ciſtern ſo prepared we are to faſten the Cocks of
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              particular perſons, to whom the Water is ſold by the Reverend
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              Apoſtolique Chamber, according to what hath been obſerved
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              before; and that quantity of Water which remaineth over and
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              above, is to be diſcharged into another Ciſtern, in which the
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              Cocks of the Waters for publick ſervices, and of thoſe which
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              people buy upon particular occaſions are to be placed. </s>
              <s>And
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              when the buſineſſe ſhall have been brought to this paſſe, there
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              will likewiſe a remedy be found to the ſo many diſorders that
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              continually happen; of which, for brevity ſake, I will inſtance
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              in but four only, which concern both publique and private bene­
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              fit, as being, in my judgment, the moſt enormous and intole­
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              rable.</s>
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              <s>The firſt inconvenience is, that in the common way of meaſu­
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              ring, diſpenſing, and ſelling the Waters of Aqueducts, it is not
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              underſtood, neither by the Buyer nor Seller, what the quantity
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              truly is that is bought and ſold; nor could I ever meet with any
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              either Engineer or Architect, or Artiſt, or other that was able to
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              decypher to me, what one, or two, or ten inches of water was.
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              <s>But by our above declared Rule, for diſpenſing the Waters of
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              Aqueducts we may very eaſily know the true quantity of Water
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              that is bought or ſold, as that it is ſo many Tuns an hour, ſo ma­
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              ny a day, ſo many in a year, &c.</s>
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              <s>The ſecond diſorder that happeneth, at preſent, in the diſtri­</s>
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