Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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they broke one that was only half wrought.
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<
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>Beſides that by this means they had the Ad
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vantage of doing their Work at different Times,
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according to the different Seaſons which are re
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quiſite for building the Wall, and for cloathing
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and poliſhing it. </
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>There are two Sorts of falſe
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Apertures: One is that where the Columns or
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Pilaſters are ſo joined to the Wall, that one Part
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of them is hid within it, and only Part of them
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appears; the other is that wherein the whole
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Columns ſtand out of the Wall, ſomewhat
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imitating a Portico. </
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<
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>The former therefore we
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may call the low Relieve, and the latter the
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whole Relieve. </
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<
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>In the low Relieve we may uſe
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either half Columns or Pilaſters. </
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<
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>The half
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Columns muſt never ſtand more nor leſs out of
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the Wall than one half of their Diameter. </
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<
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>Pi
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laſter, never more than one fourth Part of its
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Breadth, nor leſs than a ſixth. </
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<
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>In the whole
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Relieve the Columns muſt never ſtand out
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from the Naked of the Wall more than with
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their whole Baſe and one fourth Part of the
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Breadth of their Baſe; and never leſs than with
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their whole Baſe and Shaſt ſtanding out clear
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from the Wall. </
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<
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>But thoſe which ſtand out
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from the Wall with their whole Baſe and one
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fourth Part more muſt have their Pilaſters of
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the low Relieve, fixed againſt the Wall to an
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ſwer to them. </
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<
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>In the whole Relieve the En
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tablature muſt not run all along the Wall but
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be broke and project over the Head of each
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Column, as you may ſee in Plate 19. No. </
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<
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>4.
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But in the half Relieve you may do as you
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think fit, either carrying on your Entablature
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entire all the Length of the Wall, or breaking
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it over each Pilaſter with a Sweep, after the
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Manner of the whole Relieve. </
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>We have now
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treated of thoſe Ornaments wherein all Build
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ings agree: But of thoſe wherein they differ,
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we ſhall ſpeak in the following Book, this be
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ing already long enough. </
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<
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>But as in this we
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undertook to treat of every Thing relating to
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Ornaments in general, we ſhall not paſs by any
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Thing that may be ſerviceable under this Head.</
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*</
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<
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>A.
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Plan of the Inter-ſpace of the two half
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Columns, called
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Baſſo Relievo.</
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<
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>CHAP. XIII.</
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Of Columns and their Ornaments, their Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Di
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minutions, Swells, Aſtragals and Fillets.
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<
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>The principal Ornament in all Archi
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tecture certainly lies in Columns; for
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many of them ſet together embelliſh Porticoes,
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Walls and all Manner of Apertures, and even
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a ſingle one is handſome, and adorns the Meet
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ing of ſeveral Streets, a Theatre, an open
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Square, ſerves for ſetting up Trophies, and pre
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ſerving the Memory of great Events, and is ſo
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Beautiful and Noble that it is almoſt incredible
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what Expence the Ancients uſed to beſtow in
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ſingle Pillars, which they looked upon as a very
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ſtately Ornament: For oſtentimes, not being
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content with making them of
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Parian, Nu
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midian
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or other fine Marbles, they would alſo
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have them carved with Figures and Hiſtories
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by the moſt excellent Sculptors; and of ſuch
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Columns as theſe we are told there were above
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an Hundred and Twenty in the Temple of
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Diana at Epheſus.
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<
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> Others made their Capi
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tals and Baſes of gilt Braſs, as we may ſee in
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the double Portico at
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Rome,
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which was built
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in the Conſulſhip of that
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Octavius
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who tri
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umphed over
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Perſeus.
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<
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> Some made their whole
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Columns of Braſs, and others plated them all
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over with Silver; but we ſhall not dwell upon
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ſuch Things as thoſe. </
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<
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>Columns muſt be ex
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actly round and perfectly ſmooth. </
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<
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>We read
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that one
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Theodorus
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and one
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Tholus,
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Architects
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of
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Lemnos,
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contrived certain Wheels in their
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Workhouſes, wherein they hung their Columns
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with ſo nice a Poiſe, that they could be turned
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about by a little Boy, and ſo poliſhed ſmooth.
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<
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>But this is a
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Greek
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Story. </
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<
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>We ſhall proceed
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to ſomething more material. </
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<
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>In all Columns
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we may conſider two long Lines in the Shaft;
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one we may call the Axis of the Shaft, and the
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other the Out-lines; the ſhort Lines that we
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are to conſider are the ſeveral Diameters of
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thoſe Circles which in different Places gird the
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Column about; and of thoſe Circles, the prin
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cipal are the two Superficies; one at the Top
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and the other at the Bottom of the Shaft. </
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<
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>The
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Axis of the Shaft is a Line drawn through the
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very Center of the Column from the Center of
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the Circle which forms the flat Superficies at
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the Top, to the Center of the Circle which is
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the flat Superficies at the Bottom, and this
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Line may be alſo called the Perpendicular in
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the Middle of the Column. </
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<
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>In this Line meet
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the Centers of all the Circles. </
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<
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>But the out Line
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is one drawn from the Sweep of the Fillet at
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the Top along the Surface of the Column to
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