Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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thickness, and high enough that their ends, which are cut square, almost
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touch the top of the tunnel; then upon them is placed a smaller dressed cap,
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which is mortised into the heads of the posts: at the bottom, other small
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timbers, whose ends are similarly squared, are mortised into the posts. </
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<
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>At
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each interval of one and a half fathoms, one of these sets is erected; each one
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of these the miners call a “little doorway,” because it opens a certain amount
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of passage way; and indeed, when necessity requires it, doors are fixed to the
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timbers of each little doorway so that it can be closed. </
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<
s
>Then lagging of
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planks or of poles is placed upon the caps lengthwise, so as to reach from one
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set of timbers to another, and is laid along the sides, in case some portion of
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the body of the mountain may fall, and by its bulk impede passage or crush
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persons coming in or out. </
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<
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>Moreover, to make the timbers remain stationary,
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wooden pegs are driven between them and the sides of the tunnel. </
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<
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>Lastly,
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if rock or earth are carried out in wheelbarrows, planks joined together are
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laid upon the sills; if the rock is hauled out in trucks, then two timbers
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three-quarters of a foot thick and wide are laid on the sills, and, where they
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join, these are usually hollowed out so that in the hollow, as in a road, the iron
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pin of the truck may be pushed along; indeed, because of this pin in the
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groove, the truck does not leave the worn track to the left or right. </
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<
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>Beneath
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the sills are the drains through which the water flows away.</
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<
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<
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>A—POSTS. B—CAPS. C—SILLS. D—DOORS. E—LAGGING. F—DRAINS.</
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<
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>Miners timber drifts in the same way as tunnels. </
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<
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>These do not, however,
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require sill-pieces, or drains; for the broken rock is not hauled very far, nor does
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the water have far to flow. </
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<
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>If the vein above is metal-bearing, as it sometimes is </
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</
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