Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755
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              <s>CHAP. II.</s>
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              <s>
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              Of how large and what Kind of Stone the Walls ought to be built, and who
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              were the firſt that erected Temples.
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              <s>The Ancients, and particularly the
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              He­
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              trurians,
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              built their Walls of ſquare
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              Stones, and the Largeſt that could be got.
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              <s>The
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              Athenians,
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              as we are informed by
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              Themiſ­
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              tocles,
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              did the ſame in their
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              Pireum.
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              <s> There
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              are ſome very ancient Caſtles ſtill to be ſeen in
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              Tuſcany,
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              and in the Territory of
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              Spoleto,
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              and
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              near
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              Piperno
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              in
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              Campania,
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              built of huge un­
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              wrought Stone; which Sort of Work pleaſes
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              me extremely, becauſe it gives the Building a
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              rugged Air of the antique Severity, which is a
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              very great Ornament to a Town. </s>
              <s>I would
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              have the Walls of a City built in ſuch a Man­
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              ner, that the Enemy at the bare Sight of them
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              may be ſtruck with Terror, and be ſent away
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              with a Diſtruſt of his own Forces. </s>
              <s>There is
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              a good deal of Majeſty too in very broad deep
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              Ditches cloſe to the Foot of the Wall, with
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              very ſteep Sides, like thoſe which we are told
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              were at
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              Babylon,
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              which were fifty royal Cubits
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              broad and above an hundred deep. </s>
              <s>There is
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              alſo much Majeſty in the Height and Thick­
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              neſs of the Walls themſelves, ſuch as we are
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              told were built by
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              Ninus, Semiramis
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              and
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              Ti­
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              granes,
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              and moſt of thoſe whoſe Minds were
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              inclined to Magnificence. </s>
              <s>In the Towers and
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              Corridors of the Walls of
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              Rome,
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              I have ſeen
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              Pavements of
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              Moſaic
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              Work, and Walls incruſ­
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              tated with the handſomeſt Materials; but all
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              Ornaments are not ſuitable to all Cities alike.
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              <s>Delicate Cornices and Incruſtations are not ſo
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              proper for the Walls of a Town; but inſtead of
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              a Cornice let there be a projecting Row of long
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              Stones, ſomewhat more regularly wrought than
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              the Reſt, and ſet by the Level and Plum-line;
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              and inſtead of Incruſtations, tho' I would have
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              the Front preſerve its rugged and threatning
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              Aſpect, yet I would have the Stones ſo well fit­
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              ted to one another, that there may be no
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              Cracks in the Building. </s>
              <s>The beſt Way to fit
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              ſuch Stones together is by Means of the
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              Doric
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              Rule; like which
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              Ariſtotle
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              uſed to ſay, the
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              Laws ought to be made; for it was of Lead
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              and pliable; becauſe having very hard Stones
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              and difficult to be wrought, for the ſaving of
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              Expence and Labour, they did not take the
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              Pains to ſquare them, but ſet them in the Wall
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              without any certain Order and where-ever they
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              would fit in; and finding it an endleſs Task
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              to remove them from Place to Place till they
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              could fit them in exactly, they invented this
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              Rule which would bend any Way, which they
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              moulded to the Sides and Corners of the Stone
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              which they had already ſet, and to which they
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              were to fit the next, and made uſe of the Rule
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              thus moulded for chuſing out ſuch Stones as
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              would fit the Vacancies they were to fill up,
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              and anſwer beſt to the Stones which they had
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              already ſet in the Wall. </s>
              <s>Moreover, for a ſtill
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              greater Addition of Reverence and Dignity, I
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              would have a very handſome open Space left
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              both within and without the Walls, and dedi­
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              cated to the publick Liberty; which ſhould
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              not be cumbered up by any Perſon whatſoever,
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              either with Trench, Wall, Hedge, or Shrub,
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              under very great Penalties. </s>
              <s>Let us now pro­
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              ceed to the Temple. </s>
              <s>The firſt Builders of
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              Temples I find to have been in
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              Italy,
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              Father
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              Janus,
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              and for that Reaſon the Ancients, in
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              their Sacrifices, uſed always to begin with a
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              Prayer to
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              Janus.
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              </s>
              <s> Some were of Opinion that
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              Jupiter
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              in
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              Crete
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              was the firſt that built Tem­
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              ples, and upon that Account thought him the
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              firſt God to be adored. </s>
              <s>They ſay that in
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              Phe­
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              nicia, Uſo
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              was the firſt that erected Altars, and
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              built Temples to Fire and Wind. </s>
              <s>Others tell
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              us that
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              Dionyſius,
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              another Name for
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              Bacchus,
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              in his Paſſage through
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              India,
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              finding no Cities
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              in all that Region, after he had built Towns
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              there, alſo erected Temples and eſtabliſhed re­
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              ligious Rites. </s>
              <s>Others ſay that in
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              Achaia, Ce­
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              crops
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              was the firſt that built a Temple to the
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              Goddeſs
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              Ops,
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              and the
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              Arcadians
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              the firſt that
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              built one to
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              Jupiter.
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              <s> Some write that
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              Iſis,
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              who was alſo called the Law-giver, becauſe ſhe
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              was the firſt Deity that commanded Men to
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              live according to her Laws, was alſo the firſt
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              that raiſed a Temple to
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              Jupiter
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              and
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              Juno
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              her
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              Progenitors, and appointed Prieſts to attend their
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              Worſhip. </s>
              <s>But what Manner of Temples any
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              of theſe were, is not ſo well known. </s>
              <s>I am
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              very much inclined to believe they were like
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              that which was in the Citadel of
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              Athens,
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              or
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              that in the Capitol at
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              Rome;
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              which, even when </s>
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