Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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no leſs Awfulneſs, than Ornaments do Beauty,
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to any Structure of this Nature. </
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<
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>The Anci
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ents, who had their Inſtructions from the
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Etrurians,
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thought the ſame Kind of Situation
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not proper for the Temples of different Gods:
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The Temples to the Gods that preſided over
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Peace, Modeſty and good Arts, they judged
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fit to be placed within the Compaſs of the
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Walls; but thoſe Deities that were the Guar
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dians of Pleaſures, Feuds and Combuſtions,
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ſuch as
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Venus, Mars
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and
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Vulcan,
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they placed
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ſomewhere without the City.
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Veſta, Jupiter
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and
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Minerva,
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whom
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Plato
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calls the Protectors
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of Cities, they ſeated in the Heart of the
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Town, or in the Citadel;
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Pallas,
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the Goddeſs
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of working Trades, and
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Mercury,
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to whom the
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Merchants ſacrificed in the Month of
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May,
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and
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Iſis,
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they ſet in the publick Market-place;
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Neptune,
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upon the Sea-ſhore, and
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Janus
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on
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the Summit of the higheſt Hills; the Temple
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of
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Æſculapius
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they built in the Iſland of the
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Tiber,
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being of Opinion that the chief Thing
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neceſſary to the Sick, was Water. </
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<
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>In other
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Countries
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Plutarch
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tells us, that they uſed to
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place the Temple of this God out of the City,
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for the Sake of the Goodneſs of the Air. </
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<
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ther, they imagined that the Temples of vari
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ous Gods ought to be built in various Forms.
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<
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>The Temple of the
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Sun
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and of
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Bacchus
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they
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thought ſhould be round; and
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Varro
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ſays,
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that of
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Jupiter
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ſhould be partly uncovered at the
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Top, becauſe it was that God who opened the
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Seeds of all Things. </
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>The Temple of the God
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deſs
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Veſta,
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ſuppoſing her to be the Earth, they
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built as round as a Ball: Thoſe of the other
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celeſtial Gods they raiſed ſomewhat above the
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Ground; thoſe of the infernal Gods they built
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under Ground, and thoſe of the terreſtrial
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they ſet upon the Level. </
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<
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>If I am not miſtaken
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too, their various Sorts of Sacrifices made them
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invent different Sorts of Temples: For ſome
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waſhed their Altars with Blood, others ſacrificed
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with Wine and a Cake; others were daily
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practiſing new Rites.
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Poſthumius
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enacted a
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Law among the
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Romans,
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that no Wine ſhould
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be ſprinkled upon a funeral Pile; for which
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Reaſon the Ancients uſed to perform their Li
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bations not with Wine but Milk. </
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<
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>In the
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Hy
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perborean
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Iſland in the Ocean, where
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Latona
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was fabled to be born, the Metropolis was con
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ſecrated to
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Apollo;
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the Citizens of which, be
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ing uſed conſtantly every Day to ſing the
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Praiſes of their Gods, were all good Maſters of
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Muſick. </
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<
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>I find in
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Theophraſtus
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the Sophiſt, that
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the People of the Iſthmus, or the
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Morea,
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uſed
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to ſacrifice an Ant to the Sun and to
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Neptune.
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It was not lawful for the
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Ægyptians
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to appeaſe
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their Gods by any Thing but Prayers within
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their City; wherefore, that they might ſacri
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fice Sheep to
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Saturn
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and
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Serapis,
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they built
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their Temples out of the Town. </
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<
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>But our
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Countrymen by Degrees got into a Way of
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making uſe of Baſiliques or Palaces for their
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Places of Worſhip; which was occaſioned by
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their being accuſtomed from the Beginning to
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meet and get together in the Palaces of private
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Perſons; beſides, that the Altar had a very
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great Air of Dignity when ſet in the Place of
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the Tribunal, as had alſo the Choir when diſ
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poſed about the Altar. </
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<
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>The other Parts of the
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Structure, ſuch as the Nave and the Portico,
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ſerved the People either to walk about in, or
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to attend the religious Ceremonies. </
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<
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>Add to
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this, that the Voice of the Pontiff, when he
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preached, might be more diſtinctly heard in a
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Baſilique cieled with a Timber, than in a Tem
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ple with a vaulted Roof: But of theſe Things
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we ſhall treat in another Place. </
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<
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>It may not
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be amiſs to take Notice here of what the An
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cients tell us, that the Temples dedicated to
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Venus, Diana,
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the
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Muſes,
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the Nymphs and the
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more tender Goddeſſes, ought in their Struc
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ture to imitate that Virgin's Delicacy and ſmil
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ing Gaiety of Youth, which is proper to them;
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but that
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Hercules, Mars,
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and the other greater
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Deities ſhould have Temples which ſhould ra
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ther fill the Beholders with Awe by their Gra
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vity, than with Pleaſure by their Beauty. </
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<
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>Laſt
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ly, the Place where you intend to fix a Tem
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ple, ought to be noted, famous, and indeed
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ſtately, clear from all Contagion of ſecular
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Things, and, in order thereunto, it ſhould have
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a ſpacious handſome Area in its Front, and be
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ſurrounded on every Side with great Streets, or
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rather with noble Squares, that you may have
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a beautiful View of it on every Side.</
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