Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755

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            <p type="main">
              <s>
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              they agreed, from an Imitation of Nature,
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              namely, that the Tops of the Shafts of all Co­
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              lumns ought to be thinner than they were at
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              Bottom. </s>
              <s>Some laid it down as a Rule, that
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              they ſhould be a fourth Part thicker at Bottom
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              than at the Top. </s>
              <s>Others conſidering that
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              Things always ſeem to loſe of their Bigneſs in
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              Proportion to the Diſtance from which they
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              are viewed, very prudently adviſe that ſuch
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              Columns as were to be of a great Length,
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              ſhould be made ſomewhat thicker at the Top
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              than thoſe that were ſhorter; and for this Pur­
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              poſe they gave the following Directions. </s>
              <s>The
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              Diameter of the Bottom of a Column of fifteen
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              Foot high, ſhould be divided into ſix Parts,
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              whereof five ſhould be given to the Diameter
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              at the Top. </s>
              <s>Of all Columns from fifteen to
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              twenty Foot high, the lower Diameter ſhould
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              be divided into thirteen Parts, eleven whereof
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              are to be allowed to the Thickneſs at the Top;
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              all Columns from twenty to thirty Foot high,
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              muſt have ſeven Parts at the Bottom, and ſix
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              at the Top; thoſe from thirty to forty Foot,
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              muſt have fifteen Parts Thickneſs below and
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              thirteen above: Laſtly, thoſe amounting to
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              fifty Foot height, muſt have eight Parts at the
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              Bottom, and ſeven at the Top. </s>
              <s>According to
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              the ſame Rule and Proportion, as the Column
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              grows ſtill longer, the larger Diameter we muſt
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              allow to the Top of its Shaft: So that in theſe
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              Points all Columns agree. </s>
              <s>Not that I can
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              ſay, upon thoſe Meaſurements which I have
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              taken of ancient Structures, that theſe Rules
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              were always ſtrictly obſerved among the
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              Ro­
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              mans.
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              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="head">
              <s>CHAP. VII.</s>
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              <s>
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              A neceſſary Rehearſal of the ſeveral Members of Columns, the Baſe, Torus,
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              Scotia, Liſts, Die, and of the ſmaller Parts of thoſe Members, the Plat­
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              band, Corona, Ovolo, ſmall Ogee, Cima-inverſa, and Cymatium, both up­
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              right and reverſed.
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              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>We ſhall here take a ſecond Review of
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              the ſame Things relating to Columns,
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              which we conſidered in the laſt Book; not in­
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              deed in the ſame Method, but in another no
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              leſs uſeful. </s>
              <s>For this Purpoſe, out of thoſe Co­
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              lumns which the Ancients made uſe of in their
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              publick Buildings, I ſhall take one of a middle
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              Proportion between the Biggeſt and the Leaſt,
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              which I ſuppoſe to be of about thirty Foot.
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              </s>
              <s>The biggeſt Diameter of the Shaft of this Co­
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              lumn, I ſhall divide into nine equal Parts,
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              eight of which I ſhall aſſign to the biggeſt Di­
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              ameter of its Cincture at the Top: Thus its
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              Proportion will be as eight to nine, which the
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Latins
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              call a Seſquioctave. </s>
              <s>In the ſame Pro­
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              portion I ſhall make the Diameter of the Di­
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              minution at Bottom, to the largeſt Diameter
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              of the Shaſt, making the latter nine and the
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              ſormer eight. </s>
              <s>Again I ſhall make the Dia­
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              meter of the Cincture at the Top to that of
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              the upper Diminution, as ſeven to eight, or in
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              the Proportion which the
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              Latins
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              call Seſqui­
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              ſeptimal. </s>
              <s>I now proceed to the Deſcription
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              of thoſe Members wherein they differ. </s>
              <s>Baſes
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              conſiſt of theſe following; the Die, the Torus
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              and the Scotia. </s>
              <s>The Die is that ſquare Mem­
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              ber which is at the Bottom of all, and I call it
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              by this Name, becauſe it is ſquare on every Side,
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              like a flat Die; the Toruſſes are thoſe Cuſhi­
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              ons, upon one of which the Column reſts, and
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              the other ſtands upon the Die; the Scotia is
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              that circular Hollow which lies between two
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              Toruſſes, like the Hollow in the Wheel of a
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              Pully. </s>
              <s>All the Meaſures of theſe Members are
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              taken from the Diameter of the Bottom of the
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              Shaft; and firſt the
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              Dorians
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              gave the following
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              Proportions for them. </s>
              <s>They made the Height
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              of the Baſe to be half the Diameter of the Bot­
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              tom of the Shaft, and the Plinth or Die, as
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              broad at moſt every Way as one Diameter and
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              a Half of the Column, and as one Diameter
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              and a Third at leaſt. </s>
              <s>They then divided the
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              Height of the whole Baſe into three Parts, one
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              of which they aſſigned to the Height of the
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              Die. </s>
              <s>Thus the Height of the whole Baſe was
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              three Times that of the Die, and the Breadth
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              of the Die was three times the Height of the
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              Baſe. </s>
              <s>Then excluſive of the Die they divided
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              the Reſt of the Height of the Baſe into four
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              Parts, the uppermoſt of which they gave to the
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              upper Torus. </s>
              <s>Again, what remained between
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              the upper Torus and the Die at Bottom, they
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              divided into two Parts, one of which they al­
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              lowed to the lower Torus, and the other they
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              </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
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