Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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    <archimedes>
      <text>
        <body>
          <chap>
            <pb pagenum="153"/>
            <p type="main">
              <s>The miner's pick differs from a peasant's pick in that the latter is wide
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              at the bottom and sharp, but the former is pointed. </s>
              <s>It is used to dig out
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              ore which is not hard, such as earth. </s>
              <s>Likewise a hoe and shovel are in no
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              way different from the common articles, with the one they scrape up earth
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              and sand, with the other they throw it into vessels.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>Now earth, rock, mineral substances and other things dug out with
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              the pick or hewn out with the “iron tools” are hauled out of the shaft
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              in buckets, or baskets, or hide buckets; they are drawn out of tunnels in
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              wheelbarrows or open trucks, and from both they are sometimes carried in
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              trays.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>Buckets are of two kinds, which differ in size, but not in material or
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              shape. </s>
              <s>The smaller for the most part hold only about one
                <emph type="italics"/>
              metreta;
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              the
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              larger are generally capable of carrying one-sixth of a
                <emph type="italics"/>
              congius;
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              neither is
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              of unchangeable capacity, but they often vary.
                <emph type="sup"/>
              3
                <emph.end type="sup"/>
              Each is made of staves circled
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              with hoops, one of which binds the top and the other the bottom.
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              </s>
              <s>The hoops are sometimes made of hazel and oak, but these are easily
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              broken by dashing against the shaft, while those made of iron are more
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              durable. </s>
              <s>In the larger buckets the staves are thicker and wider, as also are
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              both hoops, and in order that the buckets may be more firm and strong,
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              they have eight iron straps, somewhat broad, four of which run from the
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              upper hoop downwards, and four from the lower hoop upwards, as if to meet
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              each other. </s>
              <s>The bottom of each bucket, both inside and outside, is furnished
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              with two or three straps of iron, which run from one side of the lower hoop
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              to the other, but the straps which are on the outside are fixed crosswise.
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              </s>
              <s>Each bucket has two iron hafts which project above the edge, and it has an
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              iron semi-circular bail whose lower ends are fixed directly into the hafts,
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              that the bucket may be handled more easily. </s>
              <s>Each kind of bucket is much
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              deeper than it is wide, and each is wider at the top, in order that the material
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              which is dug out may be the more easily poured in and poured out again.
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              </s>
              <s>Into the smaller buckets strong boys, and into larger ones men, fill earth
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              from the bottom of the shaft with hoes; or the other material dug up is
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              shovelled into them or filled in with their hands, for which reason these men
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              are called “shovellers.
                <emph type="sup"/>
              4
                <emph.end type="sup"/>
              ” Afterward they fix the hook of the drawing-rope
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              into the bale; then the buckets are drawn up by machines—the smaller ones,
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              because of their lighter weight, by machines turned by men, and the larger
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              ones, being heavier, by the machines turned by horses. </s>
              <s>Some, in place
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              of these buckets, substitute baskets which hold just as much, or even more,
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              since they are lighter than the buckets; some use sacks made of ox-hide
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              instead of buckets, and the drawing-rope hook is fastened to their iron bale,
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              usually three of these filled with excavated material are drawn up at the
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              same time as three are being lowered and three are being filled by boys. </s>
              <s>The
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              latter are generally used at Schneeberg and the former at Freiberg.
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              </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
        </body>
      </text>
    </archimedes>
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