Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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not have their Minds any Ways diverted by fo
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reign Objects. </
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<
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>That Horror with which a
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ſolemn Gloom is apt to ſill the Mind naturally
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raiſes our Veneration, and there is always ſome
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what of an Auſterity in Majeſty: Beſides that
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thoſe Lights which ſhould be always burning
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in Temples, and than which nothing is more
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awful for the Honour and Ornament of Re
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ligion, look faint and languiſh, unleſs favoured
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by ſome Obſcurity. </
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<
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>For this Reaſon the Ancients
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were very often contented without any other
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Aperture beſides the Gate. </
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<
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>For my own Part,
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I am for having the Entrance into the Temple
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thoroughly well lighted, and thoſe Parts with
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in, where People are to walk, not melan
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choly; but the Place where the Altar is to be
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ſeated, I think ſhould have more of Majeſty
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than Beauty. </
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<
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>But to return to the Apertures
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themſelves. </
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<
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>Let us here remember what has
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formerly been ſaid, namely, that Apertures
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conſiſt of three Parts, the Void, the Jambs
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and the Lintel, which two laſt we may call
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the Frame of the Door or Window. </
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<
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>The An
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cients never uſed to make either Doors or Win
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dows otherwiſe than ſquare. </
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<
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>We ſhall treat
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firſt of Doors. </
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<
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>All the beſt Architects, whe
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ther
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Dorians, Ionians
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or
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Corinthians,
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always
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made their Doors narrower at the Top than
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at the Bottom by one fourteenth Part. </
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<
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>To
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the Lintel they gave the ſame Thickneſs as
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they found at the Top of the Jamb, making
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the Lines of their Ornaments anſwer exactly
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to one another, and meet together in juſt
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Angles: And they raiſed the Cornice over the
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Door equal in Height to the Capital of the
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Columns in the Portico. </
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<
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>Thus far they all
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agreed, but in other Particulars they differed
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very much. </
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<
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>And firſt the
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Dorians
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divided this
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whole Height, that is to ſay, from the Level of
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the Pavement up to the Roof, into ſixteen
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Parts, whereof they gave ten to the Height of
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the Void, which the Ancients uſed to call the
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Light; five to its Breadth, and one to the
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Breadth of the Frame. </
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<
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>This was the
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Doric
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Diviſion; but the
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Ionians
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divided the whole
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Height to the Top of the Columns, as afore
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mentioned, into nineteen Parts, whereof they
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gave twelve to the Height of the Light, ſix to
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its Breadth, and one to the Frame. </
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<
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>The
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Co
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rinthians
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divided it into one-and-twenty Parts,
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aſſigning ſeven to the Breadth of the Light,
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and doubling that Breadth for its Length, and
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allowing for the Breadth of the Frame one
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ſeventh Part of the Breadth of the Light. </
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<
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>In
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all theſe Doors the Frame was an Architrave.
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</
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<
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>And, unleſs I am much miſtaken, the
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Ionians
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made uſe of their own Architrave, adorned
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with three Faſcias, as did the
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Dorians
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too of
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theirs, only leaving out the Reglets and
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Drops; and all adorned their Lintels with
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moſt of the Delicacies of their Cornice; only
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the
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Dorians
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left out their Triglyphs, and in
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ſtead of them made uſe of a Freze as broad as
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the Jamb or Frame of the Door. </
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<
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>Over the
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Freze they added an upright Cymatium; and
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over that a plain Dentil, and next an Ovolo;
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above that ran the Mutules with their Cymaiſe,
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and over them an inverted Cymatium; ob
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ſerving in all theſe Members the ſame Pro
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portions as we have already ſet down for the
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Doric
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Entablature. </
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<
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>The
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Ionians,
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on the con
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trary, did not make uſe of a plain Freze, as
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in their common Entablature; but inſtead of
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it made a ſwelling Freze, one third Part of
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the Breadth of the Architrave, adorned with
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Leaves bound about with a Kind of Swathes.
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</
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<
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>Over this they made their Cymaſe, Dentil,
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Ovolo, Mutules, with their Cymaiſe, and above
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all the Drip and inverted Cymatium. </
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<
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>Beſides
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this, at each End of the Entablature, on the
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Outſide of the Jamb, under the Drip, they
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made a Sort of Ears, as we may call them,
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from their Reſemblance to the handſome Ears
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of a fine Spaniel, by Architects called,
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Conſoles.
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Theſe Conſoles were turned like a great S.
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<
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>The Ends winding round in this Manner, <29>,
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and the Thickneſs of the Conſole at the Top
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was equal to the Breadth of the ſwelling Freze,
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and one fourth Part leſs at Bottom. </
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<
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>The
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Length reached down to the Top of the Void
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or Light. </
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<
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>The
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Corinthians
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applied to their
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Doors all the Embelliſhments of a Collonade.
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</
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<
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>And to avoid further Repetitions, we adorn a
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Door, eſpecially when it is to ſtand under the
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open Air with a Sort of little Portico, attached
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againſt the Wall, in this Manner. </
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<
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>Having made
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the Frame of the Door, we place on each Side
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an entire Column, or if you will only an half
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Column, with their Baſes at ſuch a Diſtance
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from each other, as to leave the Jambs, or
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whole Antipagment clear. </
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<
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>The Length of
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the whole Columns with their Capitals, muſt
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be equal to the Diſtance between the outward
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Edge of the left Baſe to the outward Edge of
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the Right. </
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<
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>Over theſe Columns you make a
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regular Architrave, Freze, Cornice and Pedi
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ment, according to all the ſame Proportions as
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as we have above laid down for a Portico.
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</
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<
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>Some on each Side of the Door, inſtead of a
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plain Jamb, made uſe of all the Ornaments of a
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