Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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ground, which miners place under the hoppers which are close by the shaft
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houses, these are usually hollowed out of single trees. </
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<
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>Hoppers are generally
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made of four planks, so cut on the lower side and joined together that the
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top part of the hopper is broader and the bottom part narrower.</
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<
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>I have sufficiently indicated the nature of the miners' iron tools and
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their vessels. </
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<
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>I will now explain their machines, which are of three kinds,
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that is, hauling machines, ventilating machines, and ladders. </
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<
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>By means of
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the hauling machines loads are drawn out of the shafts; the ventilating
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machines receive the air through their mouths and blow it into shafts or
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tunnels, for if this is not done, diggers cannot carry on their labour without
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great difficulty in breathing; by the steps of the ladders the miners go
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down into the shafts and come up again.</
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<
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>Hauling machines are of varied and diverse forms, some of them being
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made with great skill, and if I am not mistaken, they were unknown to the
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Ancients. </
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>They have been invented in order that water may be drawn from
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the depths of the earth to which no tunnels reach, and also the excavated
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material from shafts which are likewise not connected with a tunnel, or if
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so, only with very long ones. </
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<
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>Since shafts are not all of the same depth, there
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is a great variety among these hauling machines. </
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<
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>Of those by which dry loads
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are drawn out of the shafts, five sorts are in the most common use, of which
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I will now describe the first. </
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<
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>Two timbers a little longer than the shaft are
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placed beside it, the one in the front of the shaft, the other at the back.
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<
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>Their extreme ends have holes through which stakes, pointed at the bottom
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like wedges, are driven deeply into the ground, so that the timbers may remain
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stationary. </
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<
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>Into these timbers are mortised the ends of two cross-timbers,
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one laid on the right end of the shaft, while the other is far enough
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from the left end that between it and that end there remains suitable
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space for placing the ladders. </
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<
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>In the middle of the cross-timbers, posts are
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fixed and secured with iron keys. </
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<
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>In hollows at the top of these posts
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thick iron sockets hold the ends of the barrel, of which each end projects
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beyond the hollow of the post, and is mortised into the end of another
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piece of wood a foot and a half long, a palm wide and three digits thick;
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the other end of these pieces of wood is seven digits wide, and into each
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of them is fixed a round handle, likewise a foot and a half long. </
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<
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>A
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winding-rope is wound around the barrel and fastened to it at the
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middle part. </
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<
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>The loop at each end of the rope has an iron hook which
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is engaged in the bale of a bucket, and so when the windlass revolves by
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being turned by the cranks, a loaded bucket is always being drawn out of the
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shaft and an empty one is being sent down into it. </
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<
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>Two robust men turn
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the windlass, each having a wheelbarrow near him, into which he unloads
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the bucket which is drawn up nearest to him; two buckets generally fill a
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wheelbarrow; therefore when four buckets have been drawn up, each man
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runs his own wheelbarrow out of the shed and empties it. </
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<
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>Thus it happens
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that if shafts are dug deep, a hillock rises around the shed of the windlass.
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</
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<
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>If a vein is not metal-bearing, they pour out the earth and rock without
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discriminating; whereas if it is metal-bearing, they preserve these materials, </
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