Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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            <p type="main">
              <s>
                <pb pagenum="164"/>
              and its lower end mortised into the sill; these posts are four feet long, one
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              foot thick, and one foot wide. </s>
              <s>Thus a circular area is made, the diameter of
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              which is fifty feet; in the middle of this area a hole is sunk to a depth of ten
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              feet, and rammed down tight, and in order to give it sufficient firmness, it is
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              strengthened with contiguous small timbers, through which pins are driven,
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              for by them the earth around the hole is held so that it cannot fall in. </s>
              <s>In
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              the bottom of the hole is planted a sill, three or four feet long and a foot and a
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              half thick and wide; in order that it may remain fixed, it is set into the small
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              timbers; in the middle of it is a steel socket in which the pivot of the axle turns.
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              </s>
              <s>In like manner a timber is mortised into two of the large beams, at the top
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              beneath the clamps; this has an iron bearing in which the other iron journal of
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              the axle revolves. </s>
              <s>Every axle used in mining, to speak of them once for all,
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              has two iron journals, rounded off on all sides, one fixed with keys in the centre
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              of each end. </s>
              <s>That part of this journal which is fixed to the end
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              of the axle is as broad as the end itself and a digit thick; that which
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              projects beyond the axle is round and a palm thick, or thicker if necessity
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              requires; the ends of each miner's axle are encircled and bound by an
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              iron band to hold the journal more securely. </s>
              <s>The axle of this machine,
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              except at the ends, is square, and is forty feet long, a foot and a half thick
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              and wide. </s>
              <s>Mortised and clamped into the axle above the lower end are the
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              ends of four inclined beams; their outer ends support two double cross­
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              beams similarly mortised into them; the inclined beams are eighteen feet
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              long, three palms thick, and five wide. </s>
              <s>The two cross-beams are fixed to
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              the axle and held together by wooden keys so that they will not separate,
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              and they are twenty-four feet long. </s>
              <s>Next, there is a drum which is made of
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              three wheels, of which the middle one is seven feet distant from the upper
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              one and from the lower one; the wheels have four spokes which are
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              supported by the same number of inclined braces, the lower ends of which
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              are joined together round the axle by a clamp; one end of each spoke is
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              mortised into the axle and the other into the rim. </s>
              <s>There are rundles all
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              round the wheels, reaching from the rim of the lowest one to the rim of the
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              middle one, and likewise from the rim of the middle wheel to the rim of the top
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              one; around these rundles are wound the drawing-ropes, one between the lowest
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              wheel and the middle one, the other between the middle and top wheels.
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              </s>
              <s>The whole of this construction is shaped like a cone, and is covered with a
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              shingle roof, with the exception of that square part which faces the shaft.
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              </s>
              <s>Then cross-beams, mortised at both ends, connect a double row of upright
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              posts; all of these are eighteen feet long, but the posts are one foot thick
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              and one foot wide, and the cross-beams are three palms thick and wide.
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              </s>
              <s>There are sixteen posts and eight cross-beams, and upon these cross-beams
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              are laid two timbers a foot wide and three palms thick, hollowed out to a
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              width of half a foot and to a depth of five digits; the one is laid upon the
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              upper cross-beams and the other upon the lower; each is long enough to
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              reach nearly from the drum of the whim to the shaft. </s>
              <s>Near the same drum
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              each timber has a small round wooden roller six digits thick, whose ends are </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
        </body>
      </text>
    </archimedes>
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