Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950
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              <s>
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              to draw water alone, I will explain how heavy bodies, such as axles, iron
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              chains, pipes, and heavy timbers, should be lowered into deep vertical shafts.
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              <s>A windlass is erected whose barrel has on each end four straight levers; it
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              is fixed into upright beams and around it is wound a rope, one end of which
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              is fastened to the barrel and the other to those heavy bodies which are slowly
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              lowered down by workmen; and if these halt at any part of the shaft they
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              are drawn up a little way. </s>
              <s>When these bodies are very heavy, then behind
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              this windlass another is erected just like it, that their combined strength
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              may be equal to the load, and that it may be lowered slowly. </s>
              <s>Sometimes for
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              the same reason, a pulley is fastened with cords to the roof-beam, and the rope
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              descends and ascends over it.</s>
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              <s>A—WINDLASS. B—STRAIGHT LEVERS. C—UPRIGHT BEAMS. D—ROPE. E—PULLEY.
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              F—TIMBERS TO BE LOWERED.</s>
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              <s>Water is either hoisted or pumped out of shafts. </s>
              <s>It is hoisted up after
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              being poured into buckets or water-bags; the water-bags are generally
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              brought up by a machine whose water-wheels have double paddles, while the
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              buckets are brought up by the five machines already described, although in
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              certain localities the fourth machine also hauls up water-bags of moderate
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              size. </s>
              <s>Water is drawn up also by chains of dippers, or by suction pumps, or </s>
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