Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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by “rag and chain” pumps.
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12
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When there is but a small quantity, it is
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either brought up in buckets or drawn up by chains of dippers or suction
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pumps, and when there is much water it is either drawn up in hide bags or
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by rag and chain pumps.</
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<
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>First of all, I will describe the machines which draw water by chains
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of dippers, of which there are three kinds. </
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<
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>For the first, a frame is
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made entirely of iron bars: it is two and a half feet high, likewise two and
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a half feet long, and in addition one-sixth and one-quarter of a digit
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long, one-fourth and one-twenty-fourth of a foot wide. </
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<
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>In it there are three
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little horizontal iron axles, which revolve in bearings or wide pillows of steel.
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</
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<
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>and also four iron wheels, of which two are made with rundles and the same
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number are toothed. </
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<
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>Outside the frame, around the lowest axle, is a
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wooden fly-wheel, so that it can be more readily turned, and inside the frame
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is a smaller drum which is made of eight rundles, one-sixth and one twenty
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fourth of a foot long. </
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<
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>Around the second axle, which does not project
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beyond the frame, and is therefore only two and a half feet and one-twelfth
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and one-third part of a digit long, there is on the one side, a smaller toothed
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wheel, which has forty-eight teeth, and on the other side a larger drum,
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which is surrounded by twelve rundles one-quarter of a foot long. </
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<
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>Around the
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third axle, which is one inch and one-third thick, is a larger toothed wheel
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projecting one foot from the axle in all directions, which has seventy-two
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teeth. </
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>
<
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>The teeth of each wheel are fixed in with screws, whose threads are
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screwed into threads in the wheel, so that those teeth which are broken can be
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replaced by others; both the teeth and rundles are steel. </
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>
<
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>The upper axle
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projects beyond the frame, and is so skilfully mortised into the body of
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another axle that it has the appearance of being one; this axle proceeds
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through a frame made of beams which stands around the shaft, into an iron
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fork set in a stout oak timber, and turns on a roller made of pure steel.
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</
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<
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>Around this axle is a drum of the kind possessed by those machines which
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draw water by rag and chain; this drum has triple curved iron clamps,
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to which the links of an iron chain hook themselves, so that a great weight
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cannot tear them away. </
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<
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>These links are not whole like the links of other
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chains, but each one being curved in the upper part on each side catches the
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one which comes next, whereby it presents the appearance of a double chain.
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</
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<
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>At the point where one catches the other, dippers made of iron or brass plates
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and holding half a
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congíus
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13
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are bound to them with thongs; thus, if there are
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one hundred links there will be the same number of dippers pouring out water.
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</
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>
<
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>When the shafts are inclined, the mouths of the dippers project and are covered
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on the top that they may not spill out the water, but when the shafts are
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vertical the dippers do not require a cover. </
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>
<
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>By fitting the end of the lowest
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small axle into the crank, the man who works the crank turns the axle, and at
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the same time the drum whose rundles turn the toothed wheel of the second
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axle; by this wheel is driven the one that is made of rundles, which
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</
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