Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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    <archimedes>
      <text>
        <body>
          <chap>
            <p type="main">
              <s>
                <pb pagenum="172"/>
              by “rag and chain” pumps.
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              12
                <emph.end type="sup"/>
              When there is but a small quantity, it is
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              either brought up in buckets or drawn up by chains of dippers or suction
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              pumps, and when there is much water it is either drawn up in hide bags or
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              by rag and chain pumps.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>First of all, I will describe the machines which draw water by chains
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              of dippers, of which there are three kinds. </s>
              <s>For the first, a frame is
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              made entirely of iron bars: it is two and a half feet high, likewise two and
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              a half feet long, and in addition one-sixth and one-quarter of a digit
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              long, one-fourth and one-twenty-fourth of a foot wide. </s>
              <s>In it there are three
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              little horizontal iron axles, which revolve in bearings or wide pillows of steel.
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              </s>
              <s>and also four iron wheels, of which two are made with rundles and the same
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              number are toothed. </s>
              <s>Outside the frame, around the lowest axle, is a
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              wooden fly-wheel, so that it can be more readily turned, and inside the frame
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              is a smaller drum which is made of eight rundles, one-sixth and one twenty­
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              fourth of a foot long. </s>
              <s>Around the second axle, which does not project
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              beyond the frame, and is therefore only two and a half feet and one-twelfth
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              and one-third part of a digit long, there is on the one side, a smaller toothed
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              wheel, which has forty-eight teeth, and on the other side a larger drum,
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              which is surrounded by twelve rundles one-quarter of a foot long. </s>
              <s>Around the
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              third axle, which is one inch and one-third thick, is a larger toothed wheel
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              projecting one foot from the axle in all directions, which has seventy-two
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              teeth. </s>
              <s>The teeth of each wheel are fixed in with screws, whose threads are
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              screwed into threads in the wheel, so that those teeth which are broken can be
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              replaced by others; both the teeth and rundles are steel. </s>
              <s>The upper axle
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              projects beyond the frame, and is so skilfully mortised into the body of
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              another axle that it has the appearance of being one; this axle proceeds
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              through a frame made of beams which stands around the shaft, into an iron
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              fork set in a stout oak timber, and turns on a roller made of pure steel.
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              </s>
              <s>Around this axle is a drum of the kind possessed by those machines which
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              draw water by rag and chain; this drum has triple curved iron clamps,
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              to which the links of an iron chain hook themselves, so that a great weight
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              cannot tear them away. </s>
              <s>These links are not whole like the links of other
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              chains, but each one being curved in the upper part on each side catches the
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              one which comes next, whereby it presents the appearance of a double chain.
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              </s>
              <s>At the point where one catches the other, dippers made of iron or brass plates
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              and holding half a
                <emph type="italics"/>
              congíus
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
                <emph type="sup"/>
              13
                <emph.end type="sup"/>
              are bound to them with thongs; thus, if there are
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              one hundred links there will be the same number of dippers pouring out water.
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              </s>
              <s>When the shafts are inclined, the mouths of the dippers project and are covered
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              on the top that they may not spill out the water, but when the shafts are
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              vertical the dippers do not require a cover. </s>
              <s>By fitting the end of the lowest
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              small axle into the crank, the man who works the crank turns the axle, and at
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              the same time the drum whose rundles turn the toothed wheel of the second
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              axle; by this wheel is driven the one that is made of rundles, which
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              </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
        </body>
      </text>
    </archimedes>
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