Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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inter a dead Body, ſays the old Law, be ſacred;
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and we ſtill profeſs the ſame Belief, namely,
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that Sepulchres belong to Religion. </
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<
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>As Reli
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gion therefore ought to be preferred before all
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Things, I ſhall treat of theſe, though intended
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for the Uſe of private Perſons, before I proceed
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to profane Works of a publick Nature. </
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<
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>There
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ſcarce ever was a People ſo barbarous, as to be
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without the Uſe of Sepulchres, except, perhaps,
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thoſe wild
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Ichthyophagi
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in the remote Parts of
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India,
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who are ſaid to throw the Bodies of their
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Dead into the Sea, affirming that it mattered
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little whether they were conſumed by Fire,
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Earth, or Water. </
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<
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>The
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Albani
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of
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Scythia
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too
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thought it to be a Crime to take any Care of
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the Dead. </
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<
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>The
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Sabæans
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looked upon a Corpſe
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to be no better than ſo much Dung, and ac
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cordingly they caſt the Bodies, even of their
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Kings, upon the Dunghill. </
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<
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>The
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Troglodytes
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uſed to tie the Head and Feet of their Dead to
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gether, and ſo hurried them away, with Scoffs
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and Flouts, to the firſt convenient Spot of
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Ground they could find, without more Regard
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to one Place than to another, where they threw
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them in, ſetting up a Goat's Horn at their
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Head. </
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>But no Man who has the leaſt Tinc
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ture of Humanity, will approve of theſe bar
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barous Cuſtoms. </
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<
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>Others, as well among the
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Ægyptians
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as the
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Greeks,
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uſed to erect Sepul
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chres not only to the Bodies, but even to the
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Names of their Friends; which Piety muſt be
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univerſally commended. </
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<
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>It was a very lauda
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ble Notion among the
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Indians,
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that the beſt
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Monument was to live in the Memory of Poſ
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terity; and therefore they celebrated the Fu
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nerals of their greateſt Men no otherwiſe than
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by ſinging their Praiſes. </
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<
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>However, it is my
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Opinion, that Care ought to be taken of the
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dead Body, for the Sake of the Living; and
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for the Preſervation of the Name to Poſterity,
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there can be no Means more effectual than Se
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pulchres. </
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<
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>Our Anceſtors uſed to erect Statues
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and Sepulchres, at the publick Expence, in
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Honour of thoſe that had ſpilt their Blood and
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loſt their Lives for the Commonwealth, as a
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Reward of their Services, and an Incitement to
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others to emulate their Virtue: But perhaps
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they ſet up Statues to a great many, but Sepul
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chres to few, becauſe they knew that the for
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mer were defaced and conſumed by Age;
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whereas the Sanctity of Sepulchres, ſays
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Cicero,
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is
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ſo annexed to the very Ground itſelf, that nothing
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can either efface or remove it: For whereas
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other Things are deſtroyed, Tombs grow more
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ſacred by Age. </
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<
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>And they dedicated theſe Se
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pulchres to Religion, as I imagine, with this
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View, that the Memory of the Perſon, which
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they truſted to the Protection of ſuch a Struc
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ture, and to the Stability of the Ground, might
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be defended by the Reverence and Fear of the
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Gods, from all Violence from the Hand of
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Man. </
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<
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>Hence proceeded the Law of the twelve
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Tables, that the Veſtibule or Entrance of a Se
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pulchre ſhould not be employed to any Man's
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private Uſe, and there was moreover a Law
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which ordained the heavieſt Puniſhment upon
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any Man that ſhould violate an Urn, or throw
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down or break any of the Columns of a Tomb.
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>In a Word, the Uſe oſ Sepulchres has been re
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ceived by all the politeſt Nations, and the Care
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and Reſpect of them was ſo great among the
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Athenians,
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that if any oſ their Generals neglec
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ted to give honourable Burial to one of thoſe
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that were ſlain in War, he was liable to capital
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Puniſhment for it. </
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<
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>There was a Law among
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the
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Hebrews,
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which injoined them to give Bu
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rial even to their Enemies. </
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<
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>Many and various
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are the Methods of Burial and Sepulture which
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we read of; but they are entirely foreign to
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our Deſign: As for Inſtance, that which is re
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lated of the
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Scythians,
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who thought the greateſt
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Honour they could do their Dead, was to eat
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them at their Meals; and others kept Dogs to
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devour them when they died: But of this we
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need ſay no more. </
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<
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>Moſt of the wiſeſt Legiſla
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tors have been careful to prevent Exceſs in the
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Expence and Magnificence of Funerals and
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Tombs.
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Pittacus
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ordained, that the greateſt
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Ornament that ſhould be erected over any Per
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ſon's Grave, ſhould be three little Columns,
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one ſingle Cubit high; for it was the Opinion,
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that it was ridiculous to make any Difference
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in a Thing that was common to the Nature of
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every Man, and therefore in this Point the
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Richeſt and the Pooreſt were ſet upon the ſame
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Foot, and all were covered with common Earth,
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according to the old Cuſtom; in doing which it
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was the received Notion, that as Man was origi
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nally formed of Earth, ſuch a Burial was only lay
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ing him once more in his Mother's Lap. </
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<
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>We alſo
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find an ancient Regulation, that no Man ſhould
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have a more magnificent Tomb, than could be
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built by ten Men in the Space of three Days.
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<
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>The
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Ægyptians,
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on the contrary, were more
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curious about their Sepulchres than any other
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Nation whatſoever; and they uſed to ſay, that
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it was very ridiculous in Men to take ſo much
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Pains in the building of Houſes where they were
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to dwell but a very ſhort Space of Time, and to
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neglect the Structure of a Habitation where they </
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