Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

Table of contents

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[21.] DE QVALITATE VISIONIS, ET AB ILLA DE-pendentibus. Cap. 5. 14. Viſio fit radijs à uiſibili extrinſec{us} ad uiſum manantib{us}. 6 p 3.
Page: 13 (7)
[22.] 15. Viſ{us} è ſingulis ſuæ ſuperficiei punctis ſingula uiſibilis punct a uidet. 17. 18 p 3.
Page: 14 (8)
[23.] 16. Humor cryſtallin{us} eſt præcipuum organum facult atis opticæ. 4. 18 p 3.
Page: 14 (8)
[24.] 17. Lux perpendicularis penetr at per qualibet diuerſa media: obliqua refringitur. 42. 43. 44. 45. 47 p 2.
Page: 15 (9)
[25.] 18. Viſio diſtincta fit rectis lineis à uiſibili ad ſuperficiem uiſ{us} perpẽdicularibus. Ita ſin-gula uiſibilis punct a eundem obtinent ſitum in ſuperficie uiſ{us}, quem in uiſibili. 17 p 3.
Page: 15 (9)
[26.] 19. Viſio fit per pyramidem, cui{us} uertex eſt in uiſu, baſis in uiſibili. 18. 21. 22 p 3.
Page: 16 (10)
[27.] 20. Oculus & ſphæra cryſtallina habent idem centrum. 7 p 3. Idem 12 n.
Page: 18 (12)
[28.] 21. Viſibile uiſui oppoſitum uidetur. 2 p 3.
Page: 19 (13)
[29.] 22. Viſibile per medium perſpicuum uidetur. 13 p 3.
Page: 19 (13)
[30.] 23. Viſio non fit radijs à uiſu emißis. s p 3.
Page: 20 (14)
[31.] 24. Viſio uidetur fieri per σ {υν}{άν}γ{δι}αμ, id eſt receptos ſimul & emiſſos radios.
Page: 21 (15)
[32.] 25. Viſio perſicitur, cŭ forma uiſibilis cryſtallino humore recepta, in neruũ opticum peruenerit. 20 p 3.
Page: 21 (15)
[33.] 26. Viſio eſt ex eorum numero, quæ dolorem faciunt. 16 p 3.
Page: 21 (15)
[34.] 27. Vtro uiſu una uiſibilis forma plerun uidetur. 28 p 3.
Page: 22 (16)
[35.] 28. Corpora perſpicua nata at apta ſunt ad recipiendum reddendum́ obiectis corporibus lucem & colorem, abſ ulla ſui mutatione. 4 p 2.
Page: 23 (17)
[36.] 29. Lux & color per corpor a perſpicua diſtinctè penetrant. s p 2.
Page: 23 (17)
[37.] 30. Humor cryſtallin{us} lucem & colorẽ aliter recipit, quàm cætera perſpicua corpora. 22 p 3.
Page: 23 (17)
[38.] 31. Colores uiſibilium in obiect is corporib{us} illuminantur, & obſcur antur præcipuè, pro lucis qualitate & obiectorum corporum colorib{us}. Vide 3 n.
Page: 24 (18)
[39.] 32. Lux uehemens trib{us} potißimùm de caußis uiſibilia quædam obſcur at. Vide 2 n.
Page: 25 (19)
[40.] DE OFFICIO ET VTILITATE INSTRVMEN-torum uiſus. Caput ſextum. 33. Multiplex & uaria eſt partium uiſ{us} utilit{as}: diuerſa́ ſunt ipſarum inter ipſas officìa. 4 p 3.
Page: 26 (20)
[41.] 34. Superſicies tunicarum uiſ{us} ſunt globoſæ. 3. 4 p 3.
Page: 27 (21)
[42.] 35. Ocul{us} eſt globoſ{us}. 3 p 3.
Page: 27 (21)
[43.] DE IIS SINE QVIBVS VISIO NON PO-teſt compleri. Caput ſeptimum. 36. Ad uiſionem perſiciendam ſex inprimis neceſſaria ſunt.
Page: 28 (22)
[44.] 37. Diſt antia inter uiſum & uiſibile. 15 p 3.
Page: 28 (22)
[45.] 38. Collocatio uiſibilis ante uiſum directa. 2 p 3.
Page: 28 (22)
[46.] 39. Lux. 1 p 3.
Page: 28 (22)
[47.] 40. Magnitudo rei uiſibilis. 19 p 3.
Page: 29 (23)
[48.] 41. Perſpicuit{as} corporis inter uiſum & uiſibile interiecti. 13 p 3.
Page: 29 (23)
[49.] 42. Denſit{as} ac ſolidit {as} uiſibilis. 14 p 3.
Page: 29 (23)
[50.] ALHAZEN FILII ALHAYZEN OPTICAE LIBER SECVNDVS.
Page: 30 (24)
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              <pb o="16" file="0022" n="22" rhead="ALHAZEN"/>
            & minus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s999" xml:space="preserve"> & cum omnes ſint ex uno genere, & operatio fortiorũ luciũ eſt ex genere doloris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1000" xml:space="preserve"> omnes
              <lb/>
            ergo operationes luciũ ſunt ex genere doloris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1001" xml:space="preserve"> & non diuerſificantur, niſi ſecundũ magis & minus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1002" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            & propter leuitatẽ operationũ luciũ debiliũ temperatarũ in uiſum, latet ſenſum eas in ducere dolo-
              <lb/>
            rem.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1003" xml:space="preserve"> Senſus ergo glacialis ex operatione lucis eſt de genere ſenſibilis doloroſi.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1004" xml:space="preserve"> Deinde iſte ſenſus,
              <lb/>
            qui cadit in glacialẽ, extenditur in neruo optico, & uenit ad anterius cerebri, & illic eſt ultimus ſen-
              <lb/>
            ſus, & ſentiens ultimũ, quod eſt uirtus ſenſitiua, quę eſt in anteriore cerebri.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1005" xml:space="preserve"> Et iſta uirtus cõprehen
              <lb/>
            dit ſenſibilia:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1006" xml:space="preserve"> uiſus aũt nõ eſt, niſi quoddam inſtrumentũ iſtius uirtutis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1007" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã uiſus recipit formas
              <lb/>
            rerum uiſarum, & reddit eas ſentienti ultimo, & ſentiens ultimũ comprehendit iſtas formas, & com
              <lb/>
            prehendit ex eis res uiſibiles, quę ſunt in eis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1008" xml:space="preserve"> Et illa forma in ſuperficie glacialis extenditur in corpo
              <lb/>
            re glacialis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1009" xml:space="preserve"> deinde in corpus ſubtile, quod eſt in concauo nerui, quouſq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1010" xml:space="preserve"> perueniat ad neruum com
              <lb/>
            munem, & apud peruentum formæ apud neruum communem completur uiſio, & ex forma uenien
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            te in neruum communem, comprehendet ultimum ſentiens formas rerum uiſarum.</s>
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          <head xml:id="echoid-head56" xml:space="preserve" style="it">27. Vtro uiſu una uiſibilis forma plerun uidetur. 28 p 3.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1012" xml:space="preserve">ET aſpiciens cõprehendet res uiſas duobus oculis, & ſic oportet, ut forma rei uiſę perueniat ad
              <lb/>
            utrunq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1013" xml:space="preserve"> uiſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1014" xml:space="preserve"> quare peruenient ad uiſum ab una re uiſa duæ formę, cũ aſpiciens comprehen
              <lb/>
            dat unam rem uiſam.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1015" xml:space="preserve"> Et hoc eſt, quia duæ formæ, quæ perueniunt ad duos uiſus ex uno uiſo,
              <lb/>
            quando perueniunt ad neruum cõmunem, concurrunt, & ſuperponitur una alij, & efficitur una for
              <lb/>
            ma, & ex illa forma adunata ex duabus formis comprehendit ultimũ ſentiens formam illius uιſi.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1016" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            ſignificatio ſuper hoc eſt, quod duæ formæ, quæ perueniũt ad duos oculos ab uno uiſo, ordinantur
              <lb/>
            & efficiuntur una forma, antequam cõprehendat ipſas ultimum ſentiens.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1017" xml:space="preserve"> Quòd aũt ultimũ ſentiens
              <lb/>
            non cõprehendat formã, nιſi poſt adunationẽ duarum formarũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1018" xml:space="preserve"> eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1019" xml:space="preserve"> quòd quando aſpicιens mutaue
              <lb/>
            rit ſitũ oculi unius, & alius fuerit immotus, & motus unius oculi mutati ſecundũ ſitum, fuerit ad an
              <lb/>
            terius, uidebit de re una oppoſita duas, & ſi aperuerit unũ oculum, & cooperuerit alterũ, nõ uidebit
              <lb/>
            niſi unum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1020" xml:space="preserve"> Si ergo ſentiens comprehendιſſet unũ, quia unum, deberet ipſum cõprehendere ſemper
              <lb/>
            unum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1021" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi ueniſſent ad ipſum ſemper duæ formæ ab uno uiſo, cõprehenderet ſemper unum uiſum,
              <lb/>
            duo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1022" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum ulti nũ ſentiens non comprehendat uiſum, niſi ex forma ueniente ad ipſum, & aliquan
              <lb/>
            do comprehendat unã rem uiſam, duas, & aliquando unam:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1023" xml:space="preserve"> eſt ſignũ, quòd id, quod uenit ad ipſum,
              <lb/>
            quando comprehendit ipſum duo, eſt forma duplex:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1024" xml:space="preserve"> & quando cõprehendit unã rem uiſam, unam,
              <lb/>
            quod uenitad ipſum, eſt forma una.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1025" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum in utraq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1026" xml:space="preserve"> diſpoſitione perueniunt ab uno uiſo ad duos
              <lb/>
            oculos duæ formæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1027" xml:space="preserve"> & illud, quod redditur ultimo ſentienti, aliquando eſt duplex forma, aliquando
              <lb/>
            una:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1028" xml:space="preserve"> & forma, quæ redditur ultimo ſentienti, non redditur niſi à uiſu:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1029" xml:space="preserve"> tunc illud, quod redditur ulti-
              <lb/>
            mo ſentienti ex duabus formis, quæ perueniunt ad duos oculos ab uno uiſo, quando cõprehende-
              <lb/>
            rit ipſum unum, eſt una forma.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1030" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum ita ſit, duæ ergo formæ prædictæ exten duntur à duobus ocu
              <lb/>
            lis, & concurrunt, antequam comprehendatipſas ultimũ ſentiens, & poſt cõcurſum interſe, com-
              <lb/>
            prehendet ſentiens ultimã formam adunatam ex eis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1031" xml:space="preserve"> Et duæ formæ, quæ perueniũt ad duos oculos
              <lb/>
            ab uno uiſo, quando ultimũ ſentiens comprehendit ipſum duo, extenduntur à duobus oculis, & nõ
              <lb/>
            concurrunt, & perueniunt ad ultimũ ſentiens, & ſunt duæ formæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1032" xml:space="preserve"> Et comprehenſio unius uiſi, quod
              <lb/>
            apparet aliquando unũ, aliquando duo, ſignificat quòd uiſio non eſt per oculum ſolummodo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1033" xml:space="preserve"> quo-
              <lb/>
            niam ſi ita eſſet apud comprehenſionẽ uiſi, quod unũ apparet, comprehenderent duo oculi ex dua-
              <lb/>
            bus formis peruenientibus ad eos, unam & eandem formã:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1034" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi ita eſſet, cõprehenderent ſemper ex
              <lb/>
            duabus formis unam formã.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1035" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum unum uiſum cõprehendatur aliquando unum, alιquando duo,
              <lb/>
            & in utraq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1036" xml:space="preserve"> diſpoſitione ſint in duobus oculis duæ formę:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1037" xml:space="preserve"> ſignificatur, quòd ιllic eſt aliud ſentiens,
              <lb/>
            præter duos oculos, ad quod perueniunt ab uno uiſo, quando cõprehenduntur per unũ, duę formę
              <lb/>
            unũ, & apud quod cõprehenduntur duæ formæ, quando cõprehenduntur, duę:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1038" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd ſenſus non
              <lb/>
            cõpletur, niſi per illud ſentiens tantùm, non per oculũ tantùm.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1039" xml:space="preserve"> Et etiã ſenſus non ext
              <gap/>
            nditur à mem
              <lb/>
            bris ad ultimũ ſentiens, niſi in neruis continuatis membris & cerebro.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1040" xml:space="preserve"> Duæ ergo formæ extendun
              <lb/>
            tur ab oculo in neruo extenſo inter oculum & cerebrũ, quouſq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1041" xml:space="preserve"> perueniant ad ultimũ ſentiens.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1042" xml:space="preserve"> Iſtæ
              <lb/>
            ergo duæ formæ extenduntur à duobus oculis, & concurrunt in loco concurſus duorũ neruorũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1043" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            ſignificatio manifeſta, quòd formæ rerum uiſarũ extenduntur in concauo nerui, & perueniũt ad ul
              <lb/>
            timum ſentiens, & poſt peruentũ compleatur uiſio:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1044" xml:space="preserve"> eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1045" xml:space="preserve"> quòd quando fuerit oppilatio in ιſto neruo,
              <lb/>
            deſtruitur uiſio, & quãdo deſtruitur oppilatio, reuertitur uiſio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1046" xml:space="preserve"> Et ars medicinalis teſtatur hoc.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1047" xml:space="preserve"> Qua
              <lb/>
            re uerò aliquando concurrant duæ formæ, aliquando non:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1048" xml:space="preserve"> eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1049" xml:space="preserve"> quia quando ſitus duorũ oculorum
              <lb/>
            fuerit naturalis, erit ſitus eorũ ab uno uιſo ſitus conſimilis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1050" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic perueniet forma unius uiſi in duo
              <lb/>
            loca conſimilis ſitus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1051" xml:space="preserve"> & cum fuerit declinãs ſitus unius oculi, diuerſabitur ſitus oculorũ ab illo uiſo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1052" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            & ſic peruenient duæ formæ illius uiſi diuerſi ſitus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1053" xml:space="preserve"> Et iam prædictũ eſt in forma oculi, [4 n] quòd
              <lb/>
            ſitus nerui cõmunis à duobus oculis, eſt ſitus conſimilis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1054" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic erit ſitus duorum locorũ conſimilis,
              <lb/>
            ſitus à duobus oculis ab eodem loco nerui cõmunis ſitus conſimilis, & ex duobus neruis concauis
              <lb/>
            fit unus, in quo uniuntur duæ formæ uiſus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1055" xml:space="preserve"> Et licet dicere, quòd formę uenientes ad oculũ, non per-
              <lb/>
            ueniunt ad neruũ cõmunem, ſed ſenſus extenditur ab oculo ad neruũ cõmunẽ, ſicut extenditur ſen
              <lb/>
            ſus doloris & tactus, & tũc cõprehendit ultimũ ſentιẽs illud ſenſibile.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1056" xml:space="preserve"> Et nos dicemus, quòd ſenſus
              <lb/>
            ipſe ueniens ad oculum, peruenit ad neruum cõmunem omnino, tamen ſenſus, qui peruenit ad ocu
              <lb/>
            lum, non eſt ſenſus doloris tantùm, ſed eſt ſenſus operationis de genere doloris, & eſt ſenſus lucis &
              <lb/>
            coloris, & ſen
              <gap/>
            us ordinationis partiũ uiſi.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s1057" xml:space="preserve"> Senſus aũt diuerſitatis coloris & ordinationis partiũ uiſi
              <lb/>
            </s>
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