Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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<
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pagenum
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190
"/>
of a palm, that it may be able to take the end of the pipe which
<
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/>
follows. </
s
>
<
s
>And each length of pipe is fixed with iron clamps to the timbers of
<
lb
/>
the shaft, that it may remain stationary. </
s
>
<
s
>Through this continuous series
<
lb
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of pipes, the water is drawn by the balls of the chain up out of the sump as
<
lb
/>
far as the tunnel, where it flows out into the drains through an aperture in
<
lb
/>
the highest pipe. </
s
>
<
s
>The balls which lift the water are connected by the iron
<
lb
/>
links of the chain, and are six feet distant from one another; they are made
<
lb
/>
of the hair of a horse's tail sewn into a covering to prevent it from being
<
lb
/>
pulled out by the iron clamps on the drum; the balls are of such size that
<
lb
/>
one can be held in each hand. </
s
>
<
s
>If this machine is set up on the surface of
<
lb
/>
the earth, the stream which turns the water-wheel is led away through openÂ
<
lb
/>
air ditches; if in a tunnel, the water is led away through the subterranean
<
lb
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drains. </
s
>
<
s
>The buckets of the water-wheel, when struck by the impact of the
<
lb
/>
stream, move forward and turn the wheel, together with the drum, whereby
<
lb
/>
the chain is wound up and the balls expel the water through the pipes. </
s
>
<
s
>If
<
lb
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the wheel of this machine is twenty-four feet in diameter, it draws water from a
<
lb
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shaft two hundred and ten feet deep; if thirty feet in diameter, it will draw
<
lb
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water from a shaft two hundred and forty feet deep. </
s
>
<
s
>But such work requires
<
lb
/>
a stream with greater water-power.</
s
>
</
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>
<
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type
="
main
">
<
s
>The next pump has two drums, two rows of pipes and two drawingÂ
<
lb
/>
chains whose balls lift out the water; otherwise they are like the last pump.
<
lb
/>
</
s
>
<
s
>This pump is usually built when an excessive amount of water flows into the
<
lb
/>
sump. </
s
>
<
s
>These two pumps are turned by water-power; indeed, water draws
<
lb
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water.</
s
>
</
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>
<
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type
="
main
">
<
s
>The following is the way of indicating the increase or decrease of the
<
lb
/>
water in an underground sump, whether it is pumped by this rag and chain
<
lb
/>
pump or by the first pump, or the third, or some other. </
s
>
<
s
>From a beam which
<
lb
/>
is as high above the shaft as the sump is deep, is hung a cord, to one
<
lb
/>
end of which there is fastened a stone, the other end being attached to a
<
lb
/>
plank. </
s
>
<
s
>The plank is lowered down by an iron wire fastened to the
<
lb
/>
other end; when the stone is at the mouth of the shaft the plank
<
lb
/>
is right down the shaft in the sump, in which water it floats. </
s
>
<
s
>This
<
lb
/>
plank is so heavy that it can drag down the wire and its iron clasp and
<
lb
/>
hook, together with the cord, and thus pull the stone upwards. </
s
>
<
s
>Thus, as
<
lb
/>
the water decreases, the plank decends and the stone is raised; on the
<
lb
/>
contrary, when the water increases the plank rises and the stone is lowered.
<
lb
/>
</
s
>
<
s
>When the stone nearly touches the beam, since this indicates that the water
<
lb
/>
has been exhausted from the sump by the pump, the overseer in charge of the
<
lb
/>
machine closes the water-race and stops the water-wheel: when the stone
<
lb
/>
nearly touches the ground at the side of the shaft, this indicates that the
<
lb
/>
sump is full of water which has again collected in it, because the water raises
<
lb
/>
the plank and thus the stone drags back both the rope and the iron wire;
<
lb
/>
then the overseer opens the water-race, whereupon the water of the stream
<
lb
/>
again strikes the buckets of the water-wheel and turns the pump. </
s
>
<
s
>As
<
lb
/>
workmen generally cease from their labours on the yearly holidays, and </
s
>
</
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>
</
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</
archimedes
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