Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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<
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173
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was covered with a Roof ſupported by two
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and-forty Columns of Marble, with their Archi
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trave, Freze and Cornice, the Roof plated with
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Braſs, and richly adorned. </
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<
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>The Bridge muſt be
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made as broad as the Street which leads to it.
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</
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<
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>The Piers muſt be equal to one another on
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each Side both in Number and Size, and be
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one third of the Aperture in Thickneſs. </
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<
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>The
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Angles or Heads of the Piers that lie againſt
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the Stream muſt project in Length half the
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Breadth of the Bridge, and be built higher than
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the Water ever riſes. </
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<
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>The Heads of the Piers
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that lie along with the Stream muſt have the
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ſame Projecture, but then it will not look amiſs
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to have them leſs acute, and as it were blunt
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ed. </
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<
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>From the Heads of the Piers on each
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Side, it will be very proper to raiſe Butreſſes for
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the Support of the Bridge, in Thickneſs not
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leſs than two thirds of the Pier itſelf. </
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<
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>The
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Crowns of all the Arches muſt ſtand quite clear
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above the Water: Their Dreſs may be taken
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from the
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Ionic
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or rather the
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Doric
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Architrave,
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and in large Bridges it muſt not be leſs in
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Breadth than the fifteenth Part of the whole
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Aperture of the Arch. </
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<
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>To make the Rail or
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Side-wall of the Bridge the ſtronger, erect Pe
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deſtals at certain Diſtances by the Square and
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Plum-line, on which, if you pleaſe, you may
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raiſe Columns to ſupport a Roof or Portico.
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</
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<
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>The Height of this Side-wall with its Zocle
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and Cornice muſt be four Foot. </
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<
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>The Spaces
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between the Pedeſtals may be filled up with a
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ſlight Breaſt-wall. </
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<
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>The Crown both of the
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Pedeſtals and Breaſt-wall may be an upright
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Cymatium, or rather a reverſed one, continu
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ed the whole Length of the Bridge, and the
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Plinth at Bottom muſt anſwer this Cymatium.
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</
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<
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>The Cauſeway on each Side for Women and
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Foot Paſſengers muſt be raiſed a Foot or two
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higher than the Middle of the Bridge, which
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being intended chiefly for Beaſts of Carriage,
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may be paved only with Flints. </
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<
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>The Height
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of the Columns, with their Intablature, muſt
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be equal to the Breadth of the Bridge. </
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>
<
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>The
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Croſſways and Squares differ only in their Big
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neſs, the Croſſway being indeed nothing elſe but
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a ſmall Square.
<
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Plato
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ordained that in all Croſſ
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ways there ſhould be Spaces left for Nurſes to
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meet in with their Children. </
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>
<
s
>His Deſign in
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this Regulation was, I ſuppoſe, not only that
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the Children might grow ſtrong by being in the
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Air, but alſo that the Nurſes themſelves, by
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ſeeing one another, might grow neater and
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more delicate, and be leſs liable to Negligence
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among ſo many careful Obſervers in the ſame
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Buſineſs. </
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<
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>It is certain, one of the greateſt Or
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naments either of a Square, or of a Croſſway,
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is a handſome Portico, under which the old
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Men may ſpend the Heat of the Day, or be
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mutually ſerviceable to each other; beſides that
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the Preſence of the Fathers may deter and re
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ſtrain the Youth, who are ſporting and divert
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ing themſelves in the other Part of the Place,
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from the Miſchievouſneſs and Folly natural to
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their Age. </
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>
<
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>The Squares muſt be ſo many dif
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ſerent Markets, one for Gold and Silver, an
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other for Herbs, another for Cattle, another for
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Wood, and ſo on; each whereof ought to have
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its particular Place in the City, and its diſtinct
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Ornaments; but that where the Traffick of
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Gold and Silver is to be carried on, ought to
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be much the Nobleſt? </
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<
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>The
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italics
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Greeks
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made their
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Forums or Markets exactly ſquare, and encom
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paſſed them with large double Porticoes, which
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they adorned with Columns and their Intabla
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tures, all of Stone, with noble Terraſſes at the
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Top, for taking the Air upon. </
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<
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>Among our
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Countrymen the
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Italians,
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the Forums uſed to
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be a third Part longer than they were broad:
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And becauſe in ancient Times they were the
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Places where the Shows of the
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Gladiators
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italics
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were
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exhibited, the Columns in the Porticoes were
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ſet at a greater Diſtance from each other, that
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they might not obſtruct the Sight of thoſe Di
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verſions. </
s
>
<
s
>In the Porticoes were the Shows for
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the Goldſmiths, and over the firſt Story were
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Galleries projecting out for ſeeing the Shows
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in, and the publick Magazines. </
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>
<
s
>This was the
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Method among the Ancients. </
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>
<
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>For my Part I
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would have a Square twice as long as broad,
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and that the Porticoes and other Buildings about
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it ſhould anſwer in ſome Proportion to the open
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Area in the Middle, that it may not ſeem too
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large, by means of the Lowneſs of the Build
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ings, nor too ſmall, from their being too high.
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</
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>
<
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>A proper Height for the Buildings about a
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Square is one third of the Breadth of the open
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Area, or one ſixth at the leaſt. </
s
>
<
s
>I would alſo
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/>
have the Porticoes raiſed above the Level of
<
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the Ground, one fifth Part of their Breadth,
<
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/>
and that their Breadth ſhould be equal to half
<
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/>
the Height of their Columns, including the
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Intablature. </
s
>
<
s
>The Proportions of the Columns
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ſhould be taken from thoſe of the Baſilique,
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lb
/>
only with this Difference, that here the Archi
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/>
trave, Freze and Cornice together ſhould be
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one fifth of the Column in Height. </
s
>
<
s
>If you
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/>
would make a ſecond Row of Columns over
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this firſt, thoſe Columns ſhould be one fourth
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Part thinner and ſhorter than thoſe below, and
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</
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