Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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              direction. </s>
              <s>The axle is square and is thirty-five feet long and two feet thick
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              and wide. </s>
              <s>Beyond the wheel, at a distance of six feet, the axle has four hubs,
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              one foot wide and thick, each one of which is four feet distant from the next
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              to these hubs are fixed by iron nails as many pieces of wood as are necessary
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              to cover the hubs, and, in order that the wood pieces may fit tight, they are
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              broader on the outside and narrower on the inside; in this way a drum is
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              made, around which is wound a chain to whose ends are hooked leather bags.
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              <s>The reason why a drum of this kind is made, is that the axle may be kept in
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              good condition, because this drum when it becomes worn away by use can
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              be repaired easily. </s>
              <s>Further along the axle, not far from the end, is another
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              drum one foot broad, projecting two feet on all sides around the axle. </s>
              <s>And
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              to this, when occasion demands, a brake is applied forcibly and holds back
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              the machine; this kind of brake I have explained before. </s>
              <s>Near the axle,
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              in place of a hopper, there is a floor with a considerable slope, having in
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              front of the shaft a width of fifteen feet and the same at the back; at each
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              side of it there is a stout post carrying an iron chain which has a large hook.
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              <s>Five men operate this machine; one lets down the doors which close the
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              reservoir gates, or by drawing down the levers, opens the water-races; this
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              man, who is the director of this machine, stands in a hanging cage beside the
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              reservoir. </s>
              <s>When one bag has been drawn out nearly as far as the sloping
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              floor, he closes the water gate in order that the wheel may be stopped; when
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              the bag has been emptied he opens the other water gate, in order that the
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              other set of buckets may receive the water and drive the wheel in the opposite
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              direction. </s>
              <s>If he cannot close the water-gate quickly enough, and the water
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              continues to flow, he calls out to his comrade and bids him raise the brake
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              upon the drum and stop the wheel. </s>
              <s>Two men alternately empty the bags,
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              one standing on that part of the floor which is in front of the shaft,
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              and the other on that part which is at the back. </s>
              <s>When the bag has been
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              nearly drawn up—of which fact a certain link of the chain gives warning—the
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              man who stands on the one part of the floor, catches a large iron hook in one
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              link of the chain, and pulls out all the subsequent part of the chain toward
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              the floor, where the bag is emptied by the other man. </s>
              <s>The object of this
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              hook is to prevent the chain, by its own weight, from pulling down the
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              other empty bag, and thus pulling the whole chain from its axle and
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              dropping it down the shaft. </s>
              <s>His comrade in the work, seeing that the bag
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              filled with water has been nearly drawn out, calls to the director of the
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              machine and bids him close the water of the tower so that there will be time
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              to empty the bag; this being emptied, the director of the machine first of
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              all slightly opens the other water-gate of the tower to allow the end of the
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              chain, together with the empty bag, to be started into the shaft again, and
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              then opens entirely the water-gates. </s>
              <s>When that part of the chain which
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              has been pulled on to the floor has been wound up again, and has been let
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              down over the shaft from the drum, he takes out the large hook which was
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              fastened into a link of the chain. </s>
              <s>The fifth man stands in a sort of cross-cut
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              beside the sump, that he may not be hurt, if it should happen that a link </s>
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