Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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ſtanding at equal Diſtances from each other,
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took up the other ſive ſevenths of the whole
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Length of the Circus. </
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<
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>One Goal was joined to
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the other by a Kind of Breaſt-wall which was
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never leſs than ſix Foot high, to keep the
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Horſes that were running from croſſing out of
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one Courſe into the other. </
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<
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>On each Side of
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the Circus were Seats raiſed to the Height of
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never more than the fifth, nor leſs than the
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ſixth of the whole Breadth of the middle Area;
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and theſe Seats began from a Baſement, as in
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Amphitheatres, that the Spectators might not
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be within reach of any Hurt from the Beaſts.
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<
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>Among publick Works we may reckon thoſe
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publick Walks, in which the Youth exerciſe
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themſelves at Tennis, Leaping, or the Uſe of
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Arms, and where the old Men walk to take
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the Air, or if they are infirm, are carried about
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for the Recovery of their Health.
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Celſus,
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the
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Phyſician, ſays, that Exerciſe is much better
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in the open Air, than under Cover; but that
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they might exerciſe themſelves more commo
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diouſly even in the Shade, they added Porti
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coes which encloſed the whole Square. </
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<
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>The
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Square itſelf was ſometimes paved with Marble
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and Moſaick Work, and ſometimes turfed with
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Graſs, and planted with Myrtles, Juniper,
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Cypreſs and Cedar Trees. </
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<
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>The Porticoes on
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three Sides were ſingle, and ſo large, that their
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Proportion was two ninth Parts greater than
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that of the Forum before treated of in this
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Book; but on the fourth Side, which fronted
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the South, the Portico was yet more ſpacious,
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and double. </
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<
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>In Froat it had
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Doric
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Columns,
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whoſe Height was equal to the Breadth of the
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Portico; the Columns behind, which divided
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the inner Portico from the outward, were
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higher than the former one fifth Part, for ſup
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porting the Cover, and giving a Slope to the
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Roof; and for this Reaſon they made them of
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the
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Ionic
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Order,
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Ionic
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Columns being in their
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very Nature taller than the
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Doric:
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Though I
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cannot ſee why the Cieling of theſe Porticoes
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ſhould not have been exactly level, which cer
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tainly muſt have been more beautiſul to the
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Eye. </
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<
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>In both theſe Colonades, the Diameters
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of the Columns were as follows: In the
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Do
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ric,
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the lower Diameter of the Shaft was two
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fifteenths of the whole Height, including the
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Baſe and Capital; but in the
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Ionic
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and
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Corin
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thian,
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the lower Diameter of the Shaft was
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three ſixteenths of the Length of only the Shaft
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of the Column. </
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<
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>In other Reſpects they were
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the ſame as thoſe uſed in Temples. </
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<
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>To the
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back Walls of theſe Porticoes, they added hand
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ſome Walls or Rooms, where Philoſophers and
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Men of Knowledge might converſe and diſ
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pute upon the nobleſt Subjects; and of theſe
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Rooms, ſome were proper for Winter, and
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others for Summer. </
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<
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>Thoſe which lay any
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thing to the North, were for Summer, as
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thoſe to the South, and which were not ex
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poſed to any ſharp Winds, were for Winter;
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beſides that thoſe for Winter were ſhut in with
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entire Walls, whereas thoſe for Summer were
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full of Windows, or rather were ſeparated only
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by a Colonade, and had an open View to
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wards the North, with Proſpects of Sea, Hills,
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Lakes, or ſome other agreeable Landskip, and
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admitted as much Light as poſſible. </
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<
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>The Por
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ticoes on the Right and Left of theſe Squares,
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had the ſame Sort of back Rooms, ſhut in
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from Winds, but open to the Morning and to
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the Evening Sun, which ſhone in upon them
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from the middle Area. </
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<
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>The Plan of theſe
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retiring Rooms was various, ſometimes they
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were ſemicircular, ſometimes rectangular, but
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always in a due Proportion to the Square itſelf,
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and to the Porticoes which encompaſſed it
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it. </
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<
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>The Breadth of the whole Square with its
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Porticoes, was half its Length, and this Breadth
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was divided into eight Parts, ſix whereof were
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given to the open Square, and one to each
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Portico. </
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<
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>When the back retiring Rooms were
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ſemicircular, their Diameter was two fifths of
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the open Area. </
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<
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>In the back Wall of the Por
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ticoes, were the Apertures for Entrance, and
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for Light into thoſe Rooms. </
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<
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>The Height of
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the ſemicircular Retirements, in the greateſt
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Proportion, was only equal to their Breadth;
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but in ſmaller Works, it was one fifth Part
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more. </
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<
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>Over the Top of the Roof of the Por
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tico, Openings were broke for the Admiſſion
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of a ſtronger and more chearful Light into the
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Room. </
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<
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>If theſe Withdrawing-rooms were ſquare,
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then their Breadth was twice the Breadth of the
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Porticoes, and their Length twice their own
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Breadth. </
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<
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>That I call Length which runs along
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with the Portico, ſo that upon entering into thoſe
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Rooms from the Right, their Length lies to the
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Left, and entering them from the Left, to the
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Right. </
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<
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>Among publick Works, we are alſo to in
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clude the Portico for the inferior Judges, which
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the Ancients uſed to build after the following
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Manner: Their Bigneſs was according to the
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Dignity of the City, but rather too large than
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too ſmall, and along them was a Row of
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Chamters, contiguous to each other, where
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petty Conteſts were heard and determined.
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</
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<
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>Thoſe Works which I have hitherto deſcribed
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