Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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              and it is nearly as long as the furnace; only at the front end does it touch
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              the mouth of the furnace, everywhere else on the sides and at the back
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              there is a space of three digits, to allow the charcoal to lie in the open space
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              between it and the furnace. </s>
              <s>The muffle is as thick as a fairly thick earthen
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              jar; its upper part is entire; the back has two little windows, and each side
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              has two or three or even four, through which the heat passes into the scorifiers
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              and melts the ore. </s>
              <s>In place of little windows, some muffles have small holes,
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              ten in the back and more on each side. </s>
              <s>Moreover, in the back below the
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              little windows, or small holes, there are cut away three semi-circular notches
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              half a digit high, and on each side there are four. </s>
              <s>The back of the muffle
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              is generally a little lower than the front.</s>
            </p>
            <figure number="131"/>
            <p type="caption">
              <s>A—BROAD LITTLE WINDOWS OF MUFFLE. B—NARROW ONES. C—OPENINGS IN THE
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              BACK THEREOF.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>The crucibles differ in the materials from which they are made, because
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              they are made of either clay or ashes; and those of clay, which we also call
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              “earthen,” differ in shape and size. </s>
              <s>Some are made in the shape of a mod­
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              erately thick salver (scorifiers), three digits wide, and of a capacity of an
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              uncía
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              measure; in these the ore mixed with fluxes is melted, and they are used
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              by those who assay gold or silver ore. </s>
              <s>Some are triangular and much
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              thicker and more capacious, holding five, or six, or even more
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              uncíae;
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              in
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              these copper is melted, so that it can be poured out, expanded, and tested
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              with fire, and in these copper ore is usually melted.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>The cupels are made of ashes; like the preceding scorifiers they are
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              tray-shaped, and their lower part is very thick but their capacity is less.
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              </s>
              <s>In these lead is separated from silver, and by them assays are concluded.
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              </s>
              <s>Inasmuch as the assayers themselves make the cupels, something must
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              be said about the material from which they are made, and the method
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              of making them. </s>
              <s>Some make them out of all kinds of ordinary ashes; these
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              are not good, because ashes of this kind contain a certain amount of fat,
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              whereby such cupels are easily broken when they are hot. </s>
              <s>Others make
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              them likewise out of any kind of ashes which have been previously
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              leached; of this kind are the ashes into which warm water has been infused
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              for the purpose of making lye. </s>
              <s>These ashes, after being dried in the sun or
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              a furnace, are sifted in a hair sieve; and although warm water washes away the </s>
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          </chap>
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