Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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          <chap>
            <pb pagenum="229"/>
            <figure number="132"/>
            <p type="caption">
              <s>A—SCORIFIER. B—TRIANGULAR CRUCIBLE. C—CUPEL.
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              fat from the ashes, still the cupels which are made from such ashes are not
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              very good because they often contain charcoal dust, sand, and pebbles.
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              </s>
              <s>Some make them in the same way out of any kind of ashes, but first of all
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              pour water into the ashes and remove the scum which floats thereon; then,
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              after it has become clear, they pour away the water, and dry the ashes; they
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              then sift them and make the cupels from them. </s>
              <s>These, indeed, are good,
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              but not of the best quality, because ashes of this kind are also not devoid of
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              small pebbles and sand. </s>
              <s>To enable cupels of the best quality to be made, all
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              the impurities must be removed from the ashes. </s>
              <s>These impurities are of
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              two kinds; the one sort light, to which class belong charcoal dust and fatty
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              material and other things which float in water, the other sort heavy, such
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              as small stones, fine sand, and any other materials which settle in the
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              bottom of a vessel. </s>
              <s>Therefore, first of all, water should be poured into the
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              ashes and the light impurities removed; then the ashes should be
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              kneaded with the hands, so that they will become properly mixed with
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              the water. </s>
              <s>When the water has become muddy and turbid, it should be
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              poured into a second vessel. </s>
              <s>In this way the small stones and fine sand, or
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              any other heavy substance which may be there, remain in the first vessel,
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              and should be thrown away. </s>
              <s>When all the ashes have settled in this second
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              vessel, which will be shown if the water has become clear and does not taste
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              of the flavour of lye, the water should be thrown away, and the ashes
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              which have settled in the vessel should be dried in the sun or in a furnace.
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              </s>
              <s>This material is suitable for the cupels, especially if it is the ash of beech
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              wood or other wood which has a small annual growth; those ashes made
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              from twigs and limbs of vines, which have rapid annual growth, are not so </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
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