Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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assay ores, we can without great expense add to them a small portion of any
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sort of flux, but when we smelt them we cannot add a large portion without
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great expense. </
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<
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>We must, therefore, consider how great the cost is, to avoid
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incurring a greater expense on smelting an ore than the profit we make out of
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the metals which it yields.</
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>The colour of the fumes which the ore emits after being placed on a hot
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shovel or an iron plate, indicates what flux is needed in addition to the lead,
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for the purpose of either assaying or smelting. </
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>If the fumes have a purple
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tint, it is best of all, and the ore does not generally require any flux whatever.
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>If the fumes are blue, there should be added cakes melted out of pyrites or
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other cupriferous rock; if yellow, litharge and sulphur should be added; if
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red, glass-galls
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17
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and salt; if green, then cakes melted from cupriferous stones,
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litharge, and glass-galls; if the fumes are black, melted salt or iron slag,
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litharge and white lime rock. </
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<
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>If they are white, sulphur and iron which is
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eaten with rust; if they are white with green patches, iron slag and
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sand obtained from stones which easily melt; if the middle part of the
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fumes are yellow and thick, but the outer parts green, the same sand and
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iron slag. </
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<
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>The colour of the fumes not only gives us information as to the
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proper remedies which should be applied to each ore, but also more or less
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indication as to the solidified juices which are mixed with it, and which give
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forth such fumes. </
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<
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>Generally, blue fumes signify that the ore contains azure;
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yellow, orpiment; red, realgar; green, chrysocolla; black, black bitumen;
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white, tin
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18
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; white with green patches, the same mixed with chrysocolla;
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the middle part yellow and other parts green show that it contains sulphur.
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<
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>Earth, however, and other things dug up which contain metals, some
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times emit similarly coloured fumes.</
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<
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>If the ore contains any
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stíbíum,
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then iron slag is added to it; if pyrites,
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then are added cakes melted from a cupriferous stone and sand made from
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stones which easily melt. </
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<
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>If the ore contains iron, then pyrites and sulphur
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are added; for just as iron slag is the flux for an ore mixed with sulphur, so
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on the contrary, to a gold or silver ore containing iron, from which they are
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