Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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240
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<
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<
s
>If the whole space of the furnace covered by the muffle is not filled with
<
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scorifiers, cupels are put in the empty space, in order that they may become
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warmed in the meantime. </
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>
<
s
>Sometimes, however, it is filled with scorifiers,
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when we are assaying many different ores, or many portions of one ore at the
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same time. </
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<
s
>Although the cupels are usually dried in one hour, yet smaller
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ones are done more quickly, and the larger ones more slowly. </
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<
s
>Unless the
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cupels are heated before the metal mixed with lead is placed in them, they </
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>
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<
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>A—CLAWS OF THE TONGS. B—IRON, GIVING FORM OF AN EGG. C—OPENING.
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frequently break, and the lead always sputters and sometimes leaps out of them;
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if the cupel is broken or the lead leaps out of it, it is necessary to assay
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lb
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another portion of ore; but if the lead only sputters, then the cupels should
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lb
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be covered with broad thin pieces of glowing charcoal, and when the lead
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lb
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strikes these, it falls back again, and thus the mixture is slowly exhaled.
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</
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>
<
s
>Further, if in the cupellation the lead which is in the mixture is not con
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sumed, but remains fixed and set, and is covered by a kind of skin, this is a
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sign that it has not been heated by a sufficiently hot fire; put into the
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mixture, therefore, a dry pine stick, or a twig of a similar tree, and hold it
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in the hand in order that it can be drawn away when it has been heated.
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</
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>
<
s
>Then take care that the heat is sufficient and equal; if the heat has not
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passed all round the charge, as it should when everything is done rightly,
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but causes it to have a lengthened shape, so that it appears to have a tail,
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this is a sign that the heat is deficient where the tail lies. </
s
>
<
s
>Then in order
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lb
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that the cupel may be equally heated by the fire, turn it around with a small
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iron hook, whose handle is likewise made of iron and is a foot and a half long.</
s
>
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<
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135
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<
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>SMALL IRON HOOK.</
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>
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<
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>Next, if the mixture has not enough lead, add as much of it as is required
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with the iron tongs, or with the brass ladle to which is fastened a very long
<
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/>
handle. </
s
>
<
s
>In order that the charge may not be cooled, warm the lead beforehand. </
s
>
</
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</
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