Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572
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            <s xml:id="echoid-s19584" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="282" file="0288" n="288" rhead="ALHAZEN"/>
            hon erit maxima diuerſitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19585" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum diuerſitas iſtorũ angulorum non eſt maxima:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19586" xml:space="preserve"> tunc magnitudo
              <lb/>
            ſtellæ non comprehendetur diuerſa maxima diuerſitate:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19587" xml:space="preserve"> & quod demonſtrat diminutiones angulo
              <lb/>
            rum refractionis ad angulos, quos continent lineæ rectæ, non eſt maximæ magnitudinis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19588" xml:space="preserve"> Et quòd
              <lb/>
            ſunt ualde paruę:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19589" xml:space="preserve"> eſt
              <gap/>
            quòd dictũ eſt in prędicta experientia in capitulo refractionis [15 n] in quo de-
              <lb/>
            clarauimus, quòd uiſus cõprehendit ſtellã refractè, & uidet ſtellã fixam ex polo mundi, & remotio
              <lb/>
            eius eſt ab ipſo in una reuolutione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19590" xml:space="preserve"> nam hæc diuerſitas inuenitur parua:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19591" xml:space="preserve"> ex quo patet, quòd anguli
              <lb/>
            refractionis ſunt parui.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19592" xml:space="preserve"> Vnde per illã diuerſitatẽ, quæ eſt inter ipſos, non diuerſantur anguli, quibus
              <lb/>
            ſtella cõprehenditur in locis diuerſis cœli, maxima diuerſitate.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19593" xml:space="preserve"> Sed magnitudo ſtellæ & diſtantiæ
              <lb/>
            ſtellarũ differunt multùm, cum ſunt in horizonte & in medio cœli.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19594" xml:space="preserve"> Ergo cauſſa diuerſitatis ſtellæ &
              <lb/>
            diſtantiæ in magnitudine, in locis diuerſis cœli, non eſt diuerſitas angulorũ refractionis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19595" xml:space="preserve"> Et iam de-
              <lb/>
            clarauimus, quòd uiſus comprehendit magnitudinẽ comparando angulos remotionis ad remotio
              <lb/>
            nes.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19596" xml:space="preserve"> Ergo ſi diuerſitas inter angulos fuerit modica, & inter diſtantias & remotiones multa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19597" xml:space="preserve"> tunc res
              <lb/>
            uidebitur ex maiore diſtantia maior.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19598" xml:space="preserve"> Cauſſa ergo, propter quam uidentur diſtantiæ ſtellarũ in hori-
              <lb/>
            zonte maiores quàm in medio cœli aut prope:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19599" xml:space="preserve"> eſt illud:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19600" xml:space="preserve"> quòd ſenſus ęſtimat illas diſtare magis in ho
              <lb/>
            rizonte, quàm in medio cœli.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19601" xml:space="preserve"> Et hoc, quòd uiſus cõprehendit ſtellas in diuerſis locis cœli diuerſas
              <lb/>
            in magnitudine:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19602" xml:space="preserve"> eſt error perpetuus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19603" xml:space="preserve"> quia cauſſa eſt perpetua:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19604" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19605" xml:space="preserve"> quoniã uiſus comprehendit ſu-
              <lb/>
            perficiem cœli planã, nec ſentit concauitatẽ eius & æqualitatẽ diſtantiæ à uiſu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19606" xml:space="preserve"> Et conſtat in anima,
              <lb/>
            quòd in ſuperficie plana, quæ extenditur ad omnẽ partem, differũt diſtantię eius in uiſu:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19607" xml:space="preserve"> & id, quod
              <lb/>
            eſt propin quius, eſt illud, quod eſt proximũ capiti.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19608" xml:space="preserve"> Comprehendit ergo illud, quod eſt in horizonte
              <lb/>
            remotius, quàm illud, quod eſt in medio cœli:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19609" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd anguli, quos reſpicit eadẽ ſtella apud centrũ
              <lb/>
            uiſus ex omnibus partibus cœli, non maximè diuerſantur:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19610" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd uiſus cõprehendit magnitudinẽ
              <lb/>
            rei ex cõparatione anguli, quẽ res reſpicit ad remotionẽ illius rei à uiſu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19611" xml:space="preserve"> Comprehendit ergo quanti
              <lb/>
            tatem ſtellæ, & quantitatẽ diſtantiæ, quæ eſt inter ſtellas, cum fuerint in horizonte aut prope, cõpa-
              <lb/>
            ratione anguli ad diſtantiã remotã:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19612" xml:space="preserve"> & cum fuerint in medio cœli, aut prope, ex cõparatione anguli
              <lb/>
            æqualis primo aut ferè, ad diſtantiã propinquã:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19613" xml:space="preserve"> & inter ipſam & inter diſtantiã horizontis uidetur
              <lb/>
            maxima diuerſitas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19614" xml:space="preserve"> Hæc eſt igitur cauſſa, propter quã errat uiſus in diuerſitate magnitudinis ſtella-
              <lb/>
            rum & diſtantiarũ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19615" xml:space="preserve"> & hæc cauſſa fixa eſt & perpetua & immutabilis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19616" xml:space="preserve"> Et uiſus coprehendit ſtellas par
              <lb/>
            uas propter remotionẽ earum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19617" xml:space="preserve"> reſpiciunt enim apud centrũ uiſus angulos paruos.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19618" xml:space="preserve"> Sed & ſenſus nõ
              <lb/>
            certificat quantitatẽ remotionis ſtellæ, ſed æſtimat & comparat remotiones ſtellarũ cum remotio-
              <lb/>
            nibus uiſibiliũ aſſuetorũ, quę ſunt in terra:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19619" xml:space="preserve"> ita quòd opinatur, quòd remotio ſtellæ eſt, ſicut remotio
              <lb/>
            alicuius maximè remoti in terra.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19620" xml:space="preserve"> Comparat ergo angulũ, quẽ facit ſtella apud uiſum, qui eſt paruus
              <lb/>
            ad remotionẽ, ſicut remotio eſt eorũ, quæ ſunt in terra.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19621" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſic cõprehendit ſtellam, propter hanc cõ-
              <lb/>
            parationem, paruã.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19622" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi uiſus eſſet certus de quantitate remotionis ſtellæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19623" xml:space="preserve"> tunc cõprehenderet eam
              <lb/>
            magnã.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19624" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter eſt de omnibus, quę ſunt ſuper terrã, maximè remotis, ſi cõprehendantur, parua
              <lb/>
            ſunt:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19625" xml:space="preserve"> quia nõ certificatur remotio eorũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19626" xml:space="preserve"> Et iam declarauimus hoc perfectè in tertio tractatu huius li
              <lb/>
            bri [23 n.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19627" xml:space="preserve">] Et ſicut uiſus errat in quantitate remotionis ſtellæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19628" xml:space="preserve"> quia nõ eſt certus de ipſa, & aſsimilat
              <lb/>
            ipſam remotionibus, quę ſunt ſuper terrã:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19629" xml:space="preserve"> ſic errat in hoc, quòd diſtantiæ earũ in locis diuerſis cœli
              <lb/>
            ſint diuerſę, cum ſint æquales:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19630" xml:space="preserve"> quia aſsimilat eas etiã diſtantijs diuerſis, quæ ſunt ſuper terrã, de qui-
              <lb/>
            bus non eſt dubiũ eas eſſe diuerſas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19631" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſicut error in remotione & magnitudine ſtellę eſt perpetuus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19632" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            ſic error in diuerſitate diſtantiarũ ſtellarum in locis diuerſis cœli & in diuerſitate magnitudinis, eſt
              <lb/>
            perpetuus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19633" xml:space="preserve"> Nam formæ earũ diſtantiarum non diuerſantur apud uiſum in diuerſis temporibus, ſed
              <lb/>
            femper ſunt eodem modo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19634" xml:space="preserve"> & uiſus aſsimilat eas diſtantijs aſſuetarũ rerum, quę maximè diſtant à ui
              <lb/>
            ſu ſuper ſuperficiẽ terræ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19635" xml:space="preserve"> Accedit etiã eis, quæ ſunt in cœlo alia cauſſa, ad hoc, quòd uideantur maio
              <lb/>
            ra in horizonte, in maiore parte:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19636" xml:space="preserve"> ſcilicet uapores groſsi, qui ſunt oppoſiti inter uiſum & ſtellam.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19637" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            cum uapor fuerit in horizonte aut prope, & nõ fuerit cõtinuus uſq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19638" xml:space="preserve"> ad mediũ cœli:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19639" xml:space="preserve">erit portio ſphæ-
              <lb/>
            ræ, cuius centrũ erit centrum mundi, qui cõtinet terrã:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19640" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic abſcindetur ex parte medij cœli, & erit
              <lb/>
            ſuperficies eius, quæ eſt ex parte uiſus, plana.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19641" xml:space="preserve"> Quare formę aut diſtantię, quæ ſunt ultra illũ uaporẽ,
              <lb/>
            uidebuntur maiores, quàm ſine illo uapore.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19642" xml:space="preserve"> In illo enim loco concauitatis cœli, ex quo loco refringi
              <lb/>
            tur forma ſtellæ ad uiſum, forma ſtellę exiſtit, & ex ipſo extenditur rectè ad uiſum, ſi in horizonte nõ
              <lb/>
            fuerit uapor groſſus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19643" xml:space="preserve"> Si uerò fuerit uapor groſſus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19644" xml:space="preserve"> tunc hęc forma extendetur ad ſuperficiẽ uaporis,
              <lb/>
            quę eſt ex parte cœli, & exiſtet in illa ſuperficie:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19645" xml:space="preserve"> & ſic uiſus cõprehendet illã, ſicut comprehendit ea,
              <lb/>
            quę ſunt in uapore:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19646" xml:space="preserve"> ſcilicet, quòd illa forma extenditur in uapore groſſo rectè:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19647" xml:space="preserve"> deinde refringitur a-
              <lb/>
            pud ſuperficiem uaporis ad contrariã partem perpendicularis, exeuntis ſuper ſuperficiem uaporis,
              <lb/>
            quæ eſt plana.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19648" xml:space="preserve"> Nam aer, qui eſt ex parte uiſus, eſt ſubtilior illo uapore:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19649" xml:space="preserve"> ex quo ſequitur, quòd forma
              <lb/>
            uidetur maior, quàm ſi uideretur rectè, ut in prima figura huius capituli [39 n] diximus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19650" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt, cum
              <lb/>
            corpus ſubtilius fuerit ex parte uiſus, & groſsius ex parte rei uiſæ, erit ſuperficies corporis groſsio-
              <lb/>
            ris plana.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19651" xml:space="preserve"> Forma ergo, quę peruenit ad ſuperficiem uaporis, quę eſt ex parte cœli, eſt res uiſa;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19652" xml:space="preserve"> & cor-
              <lb/>
            pus, in quo extenditur forma, eſt uapor groſſus, & aer, in quo eſt uiſus, eſt ſubtilior illo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19653" xml:space="preserve"> Cauſſa uerò
              <lb/>
            principalis, quare ſtellę & diſtantię ſtellarum uideantur in horizonte maiores, quàm in medio cœli,
              <lb/>
            eſt illa prædicta:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19654" xml:space="preserve"> & eſt fixa & perpetua.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19655" xml:space="preserve"> Si uerò acciderit, ut ſit uapor groſſus, creſcit magnitudo ea-
              <lb/>
            rum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19656" xml:space="preserve"> ſed hæc cauſa eſt in quibuſdam locis ſemper, & in quibuſdam quandoq;</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19657" xml:space="preserve">. Omnia ergo, quę dixi
              <lb/>
            mus in hoc capitulo de illis, quę accidunt uiſui propter refractionẽ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19658" xml:space="preserve"> ſunt deceptiones illæ, quę ſem-
              <lb/>
            per accidũt aut in maiore parte:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19659" xml:space="preserve"> & ſufficiunt in hoc, quo indigemus de deceptionibus, quarũ cauſſe
              <lb/>
            eſt refractio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19660" xml:space="preserve"> Nunc autem terminemus hunc tractatum, qui eſt finis libri.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s19661" xml:space="preserve"/>
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        <div xml:id="echoid-div634" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head541" xml:space="preserve">ALHAZEN FILII ALHAYZEN OPTICAE FINIS.</head>
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