Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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the Ancients in their Publick Buildings always
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eft a great many of both the afore-mention'd
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Kinds of Apertures. </
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>This appears from their
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Theatres, which if we obſerve are extremely
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full of Apertures, not only Stair-caſes, but
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Windows and Doors. </
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<
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>And we ought ſo to
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order the Proportions of theſe Openings, as
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not to make very little ones in great Walls,
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nor too large in ſmall ones. </
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<
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>In theſe Sorts of
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Apertures various Deſigns have been com
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mended; but the beſt Architects have never
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made Uſe of any but Squares and ſtrait Lines.
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<
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>However all have agreed in this, that let them
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be of what Shape they will, they ſhould be ac
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modated to the Bigneſs and Form of the
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Building. *The Doors, then they
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fay ſhould always be more high than
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broad; and the higheſt be ſuch as
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are capable of receiving two Circles [A] one
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upon t'other, and the loweſt ſhould be of
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the Heighth of the Diagonal of a Square [B]
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whereof the Groundſell is one of the Sides. </
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<
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>It
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is alſo convenient to place the Doors in ſuch a
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Manner, that they may lead to as many Parts
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of the Edifice as poſſible: And in order to give
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Beauty to ſuch Apertures, Care muſt be taken
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that thoſe of like Dimenſions correſpond with
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each other both on the Right and Left. </
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>It was
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uſual to leave the Windows and Doors in odd
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Numbers, but ſo as for the Side ones to anſwer
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each other, and that in the Middle to be
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ſomewhat larger than the reſt. </
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<
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>And particular
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Regard was always had to the Strength of the
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Building, for which Reaſon they contrived to
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ſet the Openings clear from the Corners and
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from the Columns, in the weakeſt Parts of the
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Wall, but not ſo weak as to be inſufficient to
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ſupport the Weight: It being their Cuſtom
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to raiſe as many Parts of the Wall as they
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could plum, and as it were of one Piece
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without any Interruption from the Foundation
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quite up to the Covering. </
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<
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>There is a certain
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Kind of an Aperture, which in Form and
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Poſition imitates the Doors and Windows, but
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which does not penetrate the whole Thickneſs
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of the Wall, and ſo, as Niches leave very
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handſome and convenient Seats for Statues and
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Paintings. </
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>But in what Parts theſe are to be
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left, as alſo how frequent and large, will be
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ſhewn more diſtinctly when we come to treat
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of the Ornaments of Edifices. </
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>We ſhall only
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obſerve here, that they not only add to the
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Beauty of the Work, but alſo ſave ſome Ex
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pence, as they make leſs Stone and Lime to
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ſerve for the Walling. </
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>This chiefly is to be
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taken Care of, that you make theſe Niches in
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convenient Numbers, not too big, and of a juſt
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Form; and ſo as in their Order to imitate the
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Windows. </
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>And let them be as you will, I
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have remark'd in the Structures of the Ancients,
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that they never uſed to ſuffer them to take up
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above the ſeventh Part of the Front, nor leſs
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than the ninth. </
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<
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>The Spaces between the
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Columns are to be reckoned among the princi
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pal Apertures, and are to be leſt variouſly ac
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cording to the Variety of Buildings. </
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<
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>But we
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ſhall ſpeak of theſe more clearly in their
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proper Place, and chieſly when we treat of
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Sacred Edifies. </
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<
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>Let it be ſufficient to premiſe
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here, that thoſe Openings ſhould be left in ſuch
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a Manner, as to have particular Reſpect to the
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Nature of the Columns, which are deſign'd
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for the Support of the Covering; and firſt, that
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thoſe Columns be not too ſmall, nor ſtand too
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thin, ſo as not to be duly able to bear the
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Weight, nor too big, or ſet ſo thick as not to
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leave open convenient Spaces for Paſſage.
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<
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>Laſtly, the Apertures muſt be different, when
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the Columns are frequent from what they are
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when they ſtand thin, becauſe over frequent
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Columns we lay an Architrave, and over the
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others we turn an Arch. </
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<
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>But in all Openings
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over which we make Arches, we ſhould con
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trive to have the Arch never leſs than a half
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Circle, with an Addition of the ſeventh Part
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of half its Diameter: The moſt experienced
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Workmen having found that Arch to be by
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much the beſt adapted for enduring in a
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Manner to Perpetuity; all other Arches being
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thought leſs ſtrong for ſupporting the Weight,
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and more liable to ruin. </
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<
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>It is moreover imagi
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ned, that the half Circle is the only Arch
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which has no Occaſion either for Chain or any
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other Fortification; and all others, if you
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don't either chain them or place ſome Weight
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againſt them for a Counterpoiſe, are found by
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their own Weight to burſt out and fall to ruin.
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<
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>I will not omit here what I have taken Notice
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of among the Ancients, a Contrivance certainly
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very excellent and Praiſe-worthy: Their beſt
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Architects placed theſe Apertures and the
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Arches of the Roofs of their Temples in ſuch
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a Manner, that even tho' you took away every
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Column from under them, yet they would
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ſtill ſtand firm and not fall down, the Arches
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on which the Roof was placed being drawn
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quite down to the Foundation with wonderful
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Art, known but to few: So that the Work
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upheld itſelf by being only ſet upon Arches; for
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thoſe Arches having the ſolid Earth for their
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Chain, no Wonder they ſtood firm without any
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other Support.</
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