Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755

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              <s>
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              the Water, muſt vary according to the Quan­
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              tity of the Stream, and the Situation of the
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              Pipe by which it makes it diſcharge. </s>
              <s>The
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              greater and more rapid the Stream is from
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              whence the Water is brought, the more direct
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              Way it is brought, and the more it has been
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              confined, the more the Mouth of the Conduit
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              muſt be enlarged. </s>
              <s>If the diſcharging Pipe be
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              placed direct to the Stream and Level, it will
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              maintain an equal Diſcharge. </s>
              <s>It has been
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              found by Experience, that this Pipe is waſted
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              away by the continual Spray of the Water,
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              and that no Metals ſtand it ſo well as Gold.
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              </s>
              <s>Thus much of Conduits and Aqueducts. </s>
              <s>Wa­
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              ter may alſo be brought in leaden Pipes, or ra­
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              ther in earthen ones, becauſe the Phyſicians
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              tell us, that thoſe of Lead occaſion an Exco­
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              riation of the Bowels, and ſo too will Braſs.</s>
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              <s>THE Learned tell us, that whatever we
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              either drink or eat, is beſt preſerved in Veſſels
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              of baked Earth, which the leaſt alters their
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              Taſte; alledging that the Earth is the natural
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              Place of Repoſe, as well of Water as of every
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              Thing elſe which is produced by the Earth.
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              </s>
              <s>Wooden Pipes give Water in Time an ill Co­
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              lour, and an unpleaſant Taſte. </s>
              <s>Whatever Ma­
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              terial they are made of, the Pipes ought to be
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              as ſtrong as poſſible. </s>
              <s>Veſſels of Braſs are apt
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              to give the Epilepſy, Canker, and ſo breed Diſ­
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              orders in the Liver and Spleen. </s>
              <s>The Sides of
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              the Pipes muſt be in Thickneſs at leaſt one
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              fourth Part of the Diameter of the Hollow,
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              and the Joints of the Bricks of which they are
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              made be mortiſed into one another, and ce­
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              mented with unſlaked Lime mixed with
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              Oil; they ſhould alſo be fortified all round
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              with ſtrong Brick Work, and ſtrengthened
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              a good Weight of Work over them, eſpecially
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              where you bring the Water about winding, or
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              where after a Deſcent it is to riſe upwards
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              again, or where the Pipe upon a ſhort Turn
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              is ſtraitened and made narrower. </s>
              <s>For the
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              Weight and continual Preſſure of the Water,
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              with the Force and Impetuoſity of its Cur­
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              rent, would eaſily carry away or break the
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              Bricks. </s>
              <s>Experienced Workmen, in order to
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              guard againſt this Danger, and eſpecially about
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              the Windings, made uſe of a living Stone,
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              and particularly of the red Sort, bored through
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              for the Purpoſe. </s>
              <s>I have ſeen Pieces of Marble
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              above twelve Foot long bored through from
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              one End to the other with a Bore of four
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              Inches Diameter, which by plain Marks in the
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              Stone itſelf appeared to have been made
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              with an Inſtrument of Braſs turned with a
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              Wheel and with Sand. </s>
              <s>In order to prevent
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              the Effects of this Impetuoſity, you may
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              ſlacken the Current of the Water, by making
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              it run winding, not indeed with a ſharp Elbow,
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              but with an eaſy Sweep, turning ſometimes to
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              the Right, ſometimes to the Left, ſometimes
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              riſing, ſometimes deſcending with a frequent
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              Variety. </s>
              <s>To this you may add ſomewhat in
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              the Nature of a Conduit-head or Mill-dam, in
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              order for the Water to purify there, and alſo if
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              any Defect ſhould happen, that you may the
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              more eaſily come to ſee how and where it
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              muſt be repaired. </s>
              <s>But theſe Heads ſhould not
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              be placed in the Bottom of the Sweep of a
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              Valley, nor where the Water is forced upwards,
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              but where it keeps on its Courſe more equally
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              and gently. </s>
              <s>If you are obliged to carry your
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              Conduit-pipes through a Lake or Marſh, you
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              may do it with a very ſmall Expence, in the
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              following Manner. </s>
              <s>Provide ſome good Tim­
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              bers of Scarlet Oak, and in them Lengthways
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              cut a Gutter in Breadth and Depth in Propor­
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              tion to your Pipes, which you muſt lay into
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              this Gutter well cemented with Mortar, and
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              bound down with good Cramps of Braſs. </s>
              <s>Then
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              having laid theſe Timbers upon a Float acroſs
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              the Lake, ſaſten the Ends of them together as
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              follows. </s>
              <s>You muſt have Pipes of Lead of the
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              ſame Diameter as thoſe upon your Timbers,
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              and of ſuch a Length as to allow for bend­
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              ing as much as may be neceſſary. </s>
              <s>Theſe
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              leaden Pipes, you muſt inſert into your earthen
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              ones, and cement their Joints with Lime
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              ſlacked with Oil, and fortified with Plates of
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              Braſs. </s>
              <s>Thus join the Ends of the Timber to­
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              gether, as they hang over your Float, till you
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              bring them from one Shore quite to the other,
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              and their Heads reſt upon the dry Ground on
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              each Side. </s>
              <s>Then withdraw your Float, and
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              having ſecured the whole Work with good
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              Ropes, where the Lake is deepeſt, let it go
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              down by little and little to the Bottom, as
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              equally as poſſible, all the reſt ſinking by pro­
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              per Degrees along with it, by which Means
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              the leaden Pipe will bend according to the
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              Occaſion, and the whole will place itſelf con­
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              veniently at the Bottom of the Lake. </s>
              <s>When
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              the Conduit is prepared in this Manner with
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              the firſt Water which you ſend into it throw
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              in ſome Aſhes, that if any of the Joints ſhould
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              happen not to be perfectly cloſe, they may ſtop
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              them up, and help to cement them. </s>
              <s>You
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              ſhould alſo let in the Water by gentle Degrees,
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              leſt ruſhing in too precipitately, it ſhould
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              ſtruggle with the Wind which is in the Pipe. </s>
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