Agricola, Georgius, De re metallica, 1912/1950

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              in a short strake, at the head of which stands the washer, who draws the water
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              upward with a wooden hoe. </s>
              <s>The water running down again, carries all
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              the light particles into a trough placed underneath. </s>
              <s>I shall deal more fully
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              with this method of washing a little later.</s>
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              <s>Ore is burned for two reasons; either that from being hard, it may become
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              soft and more easily broken and more readily crushed with a hammer or
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              stamps, and then can be smelted; or that the fatty things, that is to say,
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              sulphur, bitumen, orpiment, or realgar
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              3
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              may be consumed. </s>
              <s>Sulphur is
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              frequently found in metallic ores, and, generally speaking, is more harmful
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              to the metals, except gold, than are the other things. </s>
              <s>It is most harmful of
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              all to iron, and less to tin than to bismuth, lead, silver, or copper.
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              </s>
              <s>Since very rarely gold is found in which there is not some silver, even gold
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              ores containing sulphur ought to be roasted before they are smelted, because,
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              in a very vigorous furnace fire, sulphur resolves metal into ashes and makes
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              slag of it. </s>
              <s>Bitumen acts in the same way, in fact sometimes it consumes
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              silver, which we may see in bituminous
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              cadmia
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              4
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              .</s>
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              <s>I now come to the methods of roasting, and first of all to that one which
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              is common to all ores. </s>
              <s>The earth is dug out to the required extent, and
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              thus is made a quadrangular area of fair size, open at the front, and above
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              this, firewood is laid close together, and on it other wood is laid trans­
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              versely, likewise close together, for which reason our countrymen call this
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              pile of wood a crate; this is repeated until the pile attains a height of one
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              or two cubits. </s>
              <s>Then there is placed upon it a quantity of ore that has been
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              broken into small pieces with a hammer; first the largest of these pieces,
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              next those of medium size, and lastly the smallest, and thus is built up a
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              gently sloping cone. </s>
              <s>To prevent it from becoming scattered, fine sand of the
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              </s>
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