Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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Pay, only to preſerve and look after the pub
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lick Buildings.
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Agrippa
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left Pay for two hun
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dred and fifty for this Purpoſe, and
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Cæſar
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for
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no leſs than four hundred and ſixty; and they
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dedicated the next fifteen Feet to the Structure
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to lie quite clear by their Aqueducts, that their
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Sides or Arches might not breed any Weeds
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to demoliſh them. </
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<
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>The ſame ſeems to have
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been done even by private Perſons, with re
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lation to thoſe Edifices which they were de
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ſirous to have eternal; for we find, that the
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Inſcription upon their Sepulchres generally
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mentioned how many Foot of Ground was
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conſecrated to Religion in that Structure;
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ſometimes it was fifteen, ſometimes twenty.
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<
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>But not to fall into a Repetition of theſe Things,
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the Ancients thought, that you might entirely
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deſtroy a Tree even after it was pretty well
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grown, if in ſome Part of the Dog-days you
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cut it down to the Height of one Foot, and
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boring a Hole through the Heart, pour into it
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Oil of Vitriol mixed with Powder of Brimſtone,
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or elſe ſprinkling it plentifully with a Decoc
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tion of burnt Bean-ſhells.
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Columella
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ſays, that
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you may deſtroy a Wood with the Flower of
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Hops ſteept one Day in Juice of Hemlock,
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ſtrewed about the Roots.
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Solinus
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ſays, that a
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Tree touched with the Menſtrua will loſe its
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Leaves, and ſome affirm, that it will even kill
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the Tree.
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Pliny
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ſays, that a Tree may be
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killed by touching the Root with a wild Car
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rot. </
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<
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>But to return to the Defects of a Wall.
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>If a Wall be thinner than it ought to be, we
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muſt either apply a new Wall to the old one,
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in ſuch a Manner that they may make but
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one; or, to avoid the Expence of this, we
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may only ſtrengthen it with Ribs, that is to
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ſay, with Pilaſters or Columns. </
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<
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>A new Wall
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may be ſuperinduced to an old one, as follows.
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<
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>In ſeveral Parts of the old Wall fix ſtrong
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Catches made of the ſoundeſt Stone, ſticking
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out in ſuch a Manner as to enter into the Wall
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which you are going to join to the other, and
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to be in the Nature of Bands between the two
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Walls; and your Wall in this Caſe ſhould al
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ways be built of ſquare Stone. </
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<
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>You may for
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tify an old Wall with a new Pilaſter, in the
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following Manner. </
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<
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>Firſt mark out its future
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Breadth upon the Wall with red Oker. </
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<
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>Then
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open a Break in the Bottom of the Wall quite
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down below the Foundation, in Breadth ſome
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ſmall Matter more than your Pilaſter, but not
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very high. </
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<
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>Then immediately fill up this Break
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with ſquare Stone worked together ſtrong and
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even. </
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<
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>By this Means that Part of the Wall
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which is between the red Marks will be ſhored
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up by the Thickneſs of the Pilaſter, and ſo the
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whole will be made ſtronger. </
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<
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>Then in the
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ſame Manner that you have laid the Bottom of
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this Pilaſter you muſt go on to work up the
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Body of it quite to the Top. </
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<
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>Thus much of
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a Wall that is too thin. </
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<
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>Where the Wall has
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not made good Bond, we muſt uſe Cramps or
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Spars of Iron, or rather of Braſs; but you
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muſt take great Care that you do not weaken
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the Ribs by boring the Holes from them. </
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>If
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the Weight of any crumbling Earth puſhes
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againſt ſome Part of the Wall, and threatens
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Injury to it by its Humidity, dig a Trench
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along the Wall as broad as you find it neceſ
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ſary, and in this Trench build ſome Arches to
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ſupport the Weight of the Earth which is
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falling in, with a Current or Drain through
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theſe Arches for the Humidity to purge off
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by; ot elſe lay ſome Girders along the Ground
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with the Heads ſetting againſt the Wall which
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is ſhoved out by the Weight of the Earth, and
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let the Heads of theſe Girders into Summers,
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which you may cover over with new Earth.
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<
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>This will ſtrengthen the Foundation, becauſe
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this new Earth will conſolidate, and grow
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compact, before the Strength of the Girders
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will give Way.</
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<
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>CHAP. XVII.</
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Of ſome Defects which cannot be provided againſt, but which may be repaired
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after they have happened.
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<
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>I now proceed to thoſe Defects which can
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not be foreſeen, but which when they have
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happened may be repaired. </
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<
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>Cracks in the
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Wall and Inclination from the Perpendicular,
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are ſometimes occaſioned by the Arches over it,
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which puſh out the Wall, or becauſe it is not
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ſufficiently ſtrong to bear the Weight which is
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laid upon it. </
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<
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>But the greateſt Defects of this
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Sort almoſt conſtantly proceed from ſome Faults
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in the Foundation; however we may eaſily </
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