Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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339
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with an iron shovel and agitated hither and thither in the water, until the
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sand flows away and only the tin-stone remains on the shovel. </
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<
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>The tin
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stone is all collected together and washed again in a trough by pushing it
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up and turning it over with a wooden trowel, in order that the remaining
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sand may separate from it. </
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<
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>Afterward they return to their task, which they
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continue until the metalliferous material is exhausted, or until the water can
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no longer be diverted into the ditches.</
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<
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>The trough which I mentioned is hewn out of the trunk of a tree and the
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interior is five feet long, three-quarters of a foot deep, and six digits wide.
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<
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>It is placed on an incline and under it is put a tub which contains interwoven
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fir twigs, or else another trough is put under it, the interior of which is three
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feet long and one foot wide and deep; the fine tin-stone, which has run out
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with the water, settles in the bottom. </
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<
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>Some people, in place of a trough,
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put a square launder underneath, and in like manner they wash the tin
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stone in this by agitating it up and down and turning it over with a small
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wooden trowel. </
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<
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>A transverse trough is put under the launder, which is
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either open on one end and drains off into a tub or settling-pit, or else is
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closed and perforated through the bottom; in this case, it drains into a
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ditch beneath, where the water falls when the plug has been partly removed.
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<
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>The nature of this ditch I will now describe.</
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<
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>If the locality does not supply an abundance of water, the washers dig a
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ditch thirty or thirty-six feet long, and cover the bottom, the full length, with
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logs joined together and hewn on the side which lies flat on the ground. </
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<
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>On
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each side of the ditch, and at its head also, they place four logs, one above
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the other, all hewn smooth on the inside. </
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<
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>But since the logs are laid
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obliquely along the sides, the upper end of the ditch is made four feet wide
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and the tail end, two feet. </
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<
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>The water has a high drop from a launder and
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first of all it falls into interlaced fir twigs, in order that it shall fall straight
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down for the most part in an unbroken stream and thus break up the lumps
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by its weight. </
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<
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>Some do not place these twigs under the end of the launder,
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but put a plug in its mouth, which, since it does not entirely close the launder,
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nor altogether prevent the discharge from it, nor yet allow the water to
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spout far afield, makes it drop straight down. </
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<
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>The workman brings in a
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wheelbarrow the material to be washed, and throws it into the ditch. </
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<
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>The
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washer standing in the upper end of the ditch breaks the lumps with a seven
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pronged fork, and throws out the roots of trees, shrubs, and grass with the
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same instrument, and thereby the small black stones settle down. </
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<
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>When a
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large quantity of the tin-stone has accumulated, which generally happens
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when the washer has spent a day at this work, to prevent it from being
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washed away he places it upon the bank, and other material having been
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again thrown into the upper end of the ditch, he continues the task of washing.
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</
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<
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>A boy stands at the lower end of the ditch, and with a thin pointed hoe
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stirs up the sediment which has settled at the lower end, to prevent the
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washed tin-stone from being carried further, which occurs when the sediment
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has accumulated to such an extent that the fir branches at the outlet of the
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ditch are covered.</
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