Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              <s>
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              The Copy of a Letter to
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              Signore GALILÆO
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              GALILÆI,
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              Chief Philoſopher to the moſt Serene
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              Great Duke of TVSCANY.
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              </s>
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              <s>
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              Worthy and moſt Excellent
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              SIR,</s>
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              <s>In ſatisfaction of my promiſe, in my former Letters of
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              repreſenting unto you ſome of my Conſiderations
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              made upon the Lake
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              Thraſimeno,
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              I ſay, That in times
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              paſt, being in
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              Perugia,
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              where we held our General
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              Convention, having underſtood that the Lake
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              Thraſimeno,
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              by
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              the great drought of many Moneths was much abated, It came
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              into my head, to go privately and ſee this novelty, both for my
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              particular ſatisfaction, as alſo that might I be able to relate the
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              whole to my Patrons, upon the certitude of my own ſight of the
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              place. </s>
              <s>And ſo being come to the Emiſſary of the Lake, I found
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              that the Level of the Lakes ſurface was ebbed about five Ro­
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              man Palmes of its wonted watermark, inſomuch that it was lower
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              than the tranſome of the mouth of the Emiſſary, by the length
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              of ----------------------------this deſcribed line, and there­
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              fore no Water iſſued out of the Lake, to the great prejudice of
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              all the places and villages circumjacent, in regard that the Wa­
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              ter which uſed to run from the ſaid Lake turned 22 Mills, which
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              not going, neceſſitated the inhabitants of thoſe parts to go a
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              dayes journey and more, to grinde upon the
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              Tiber.
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              Being retur­
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              ned to
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              Perugia,
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              there followed a Rain, not very great, but con­
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              ſtant, and even, which laſted for the ſpace of eight hours, or
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              thereabouts; and it came into my thoughts to examine, being
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              in
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              Perugia,
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              how much the Lake was increaſed and railed by this
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              Rain, ſuppoſing (as it was probable enough) that the Rain had
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              been univerſal over all the Lake; and like to that which fell in
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              Perugia,
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              and to this purpoſe I took a Glaſſe formed like a Cy­
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              linder, about a palme high, and half a palme broad; and having
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              put in water ſnfficient to cover the bottome of the Glaſſe, I no­
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              ted diligently the mark of the height of the Water in the Glaſſe,
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              and afterwards expoſed it to the open weather, to receive the
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              Raine-water, which fell into it; and I let it ſtand for the
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              ſpace of an hour; and having obſerved that in that time the Wa­
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              ter was riſen in the Veſſel the height of the following line---,
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              I conſidered that if I had expoſed to the ſame rain ſuch other veſ­
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              ſels equal to that, the Water would have riſen in them all accor­
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              ding to that meaſure: And thereupon concluded, that alſo in all </s>
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