Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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South are very hard, yet they are apt to warp
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in their Sap, ſo that they are not ſtrait and
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even enough for Service, Moreover, thoſe
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which are in their Natures dry and ſlow growers,
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are ſtronger than thoſe which are moiſt and
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fruitful; wherefore
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Varro
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ſuppos'd that the
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one were Male and the other Female, and that
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white Timber was leſs cloſe and more tractable
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than that which has any other Colour in it.
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<
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>It is certain that heavy Wood is harder and
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cloſer than light; and the Lighter it is, the
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more Brittle; and the more Knotty the ſtronger.
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<
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>Trees likewiſe which Nature has endu'd with
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the longeſt Life, ſhe has always endu'd with
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the Property of keeping longeſt from Decay
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when cut down, and the leſs Sap they have, ſo
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much they are the Stronger and more Hardy.
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<
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>The Parts neareſt to the Sap are indeed
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harder and cloſer than the reſt; but thoſe next
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the Bark have more binding Nerves, for it is
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ſuppos'd, in Trees juſt as in Animals, the Bark
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is the Skin, the Parts next under the Bark are
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the Fleſh, and that which encloſes the Sap, the
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Bone; and
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Ariſtotle
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thought the Knots in Plants
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were in the Nature of Nerves. </
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>Of all the Parts
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of the Tree, the worſt is the Alburnum, or
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Juice, that nouriſhes it, both becauſe it is very
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apt to breed Worms, and upon ſeveral other
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Accounts. </
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>To theſe Obſervations we may
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add, that the Part of the Tree which, while
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it was ſtanding, was towards the South, will
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be dryer than the reſt, and thinner, and more
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extenuated, but it will be firmer and cloſer;
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and the Sap will be nearer to the Bark on that
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Side than on the other. </
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<
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>Thoſe Parts alſo
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which are neareſt to the Ground and to the
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Roots, will be heavier than any of the reſt; a
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Proof whereof is that they will hardly float
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upon the Water; and the Middle of all Trees
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is the moſt knotty. </
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<
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>The Veins too, the nea
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rer they are to the Roots, the more they are
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wreath'd and contorted; nevertheleſs the
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lower Parts are reckoned always ſtronger and
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more uſeful than the Upper. </
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<
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>But I find in
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good Authors ſome very remarkable Things
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of ſome Trees; they ſay that the Vine exceeds
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even the Eternity of Time itſelf. </
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<
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>In
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Popolonia,
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near
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Piombino,
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there was a Statue of
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Jupiter
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made of that Wood to be ſeen in
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Cœſar
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's Days,
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which had laſted for a vaſt Number of Years
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without the leaſt Decay; and indeed it is uni
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verſally allow'd that there is no Wood what
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ſoever more durable. </
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<
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>In
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Ariana,
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a Province
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of
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India,
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there are Vines ſo large, as
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Strabo
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informs us, that two Men can hardly embrace
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its Trunk. </
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>They tell us of a Roof of Cedar
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in
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Utica
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that laſted twelve Hundred and
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ſeventy eight Years. </
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<
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>In a Temple of
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Diana
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in
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Spain
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they ſpeak of Rafters of Juniper, that
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laſted from two Hundred Years before the
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Siege of
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Troy
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quite to the Days of
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Hanibal.
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The Cedar too is of a moſt wonderful Nature,
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if as they ſay it is the only Wood that will
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not retain the Nails. </
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<
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>In the Mountains near
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the Lake
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Benacus,
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or the
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Lago di Garda,
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grows a Kind of Fir, which, if you make
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Veſſels of it, will not hold the Wine, unleſs
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you firſt anoint them with Oil. </
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<
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>Thus much
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for Trees.</
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<
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>CHAP. VIII.</
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Of Stones in general, when they are to be dug, and when uſed; which are the
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ſofteſt and which the hardeſt, and which beſt and moſt durable.
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<
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>We muſt likewiſe make Proviſion of the
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Stone which is to be uſed in our
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Walls, and this is of two Sorts; the one proper
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only ſor making the Lime and the Cement,
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the other for erecting the Building. </
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<
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>Of
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this latter we ſhall treat firſt, omitting many
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Particulars, both for the Sake of Brevity, and
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becauſe they are already ſufficiently known.
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<
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>Neither ſhall we ſpend any Time here in phi
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loſophical Enquiries about the Principle and
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Origin of Stones; as, whether their firſt Par
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ticles, made viſcous by a Mixture of Earth and
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Water, harden firſt into Slime, and afterwards
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into Stone; or what is ſaid of Gems, that
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they are collected and concreted by the Heat
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and Power of the Rays of the Sun, or rather
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that there is in the Boſom of the Earth certain
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natural Seeds as of other Things, ſo alſo of
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Stones: And whether their Colour is owing
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to a certain proper blending of the Particles of
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Water with very minute ones of Earth; or to
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ſome innate Quality of its own Seed, or to an
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Impreſſion receiv'd from the Sun's Rays. </
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<
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>And
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though theſe Diſquiſitions might perhaps help </
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