Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

Table of contents

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[11.] DE COMPOSITIONE OCVLI, FORMA ET SI-tu. Caput quartum. 4. Ortus & principium oculi exiſtit è cerebro: & conſtat è tribus humori-bus & quatuor tunicis. 4 p 3.
[12.] 5. In toti{us} oculi ſeu motu ſeu quiete, ſit{us} partium ſtabilis permanet. 25 p 3.
[13.] 6. Ocul{us} tot{us} & ſpher a uuea centris differunt: & oculi centrum ect alti{us}. 8 p 3.
[14.] 7. Rect a connectens centra ſphær arum corneæ & uueæ, continuata tranſit per centrum for aminis uueæ, & medium caui nerui optici. 9 p 3.
[15.] 8. Centrum ſphæræ uueæ eſt inferi{us} centris reliquarum oculi partium. 8 p 3.
[16.] 9. Recta connectẽs centra ſphærarũ cryſtallinæ & uueæ, cõtinuata cadit in centrũ circuli cõglutinãtis cryſtallinã & uitreã ſphær {as} cũ uuea: & eſt ad ipſum perpendicularis. 10 p 3.
[17.] 10. Centrum ſphæræ cryſtallinæ alti{us} eſt centro ſphæræ uitreæ. 11 p 3.
[18.] 11. Rect a connectens centra ſphær arum & uueæ, continuata cadit in centrum ui-treæ, & medium cauinerui optici. 12 p 3.
[19.] 12. Centra ſphær arum toti{us} oculi, cryſtallinæ, utriuſ ſuperficiei corneæ, & con-uexæ humoris albuginei, eſt unum punctum. 7 p 3.
[20.] 13. In toti{us} oculi ſeu motu ſeu quiete ſit{us} partium ſtabilis permanet. 25 p 3. Idem 9 n.
[21.] DE QVALITATE VISIONIS, ET AB ILLA DE-pendentibus. Cap. 5. 14. Viſio fit radijs à uiſibili extrinſec{us} ad uiſum manantib{us}. 6 p 3.
[22.] 15. Viſ{us} è ſingulis ſuæ ſuperficiei punctis ſingula uiſibilis punct a uidet. 17. 18 p 3.
[23.] 16. Humor cryſtallin{us} eſt præcipuum organum facult atis opticæ. 4. 18 p 3.
[24.] 17. Lux perpendicularis penetr at per qualibet diuerſa media: obliqua refringitur. 42. 43. 44. 45. 47 p 2.
[25.] 18. Viſio diſtincta fit rectis lineis à uiſibili ad ſuperficiem uiſ{us} perpẽdicularibus. Ita ſin-gula uiſibilis punct a eundem obtinent ſitum in ſuperficie uiſ{us}, quem in uiſibili. 17 p 3.
[26.] 19. Viſio fit per pyramidem, cui{us} uertex eſt in uiſu, baſis in uiſibili. 18. 21. 22 p 3.
[27.] 20. Oculus & ſphæra cryſtallina habent idem centrum. 7 p 3. Idem 12 n.
[28.] 21. Viſibile uiſui oppoſitum uidetur. 2 p 3.
[29.] 22. Viſibile per medium perſpicuum uidetur. 13 p 3.
[30.] 23. Viſio non fit radijs à uiſu emißis. s p 3.
[31.] 24. Viſio uidetur fieri per σ {υν}{άν}γ{δι}αμ, id eſt receptos ſimul & emiſſos radios.
[32.] 25. Viſio perſicitur, cŭ forma uiſibilis cryſtallino humore recepta, in neruũ opticum peruenerit. 20 p 3.
[33.] 26. Viſio eſt ex eorum numero, quæ dolorem faciunt. 16 p 3.
[34.] 27. Vtro uiſu una uiſibilis forma plerun uidetur. 28 p 3.
[35.] 28. Corpora perſpicua nata at apta ſunt ad recipiendum reddendum́ obiectis corporibus lucem & colorem, abſ ulla ſui mutatione. 4 p 2.
[36.] 29. Lux & color per corpor a perſpicua diſtinctè penetrant. s p 2.
[37.] 30. Humor cryſtallin{us} lucem & colorẽ aliter recipit, quàm cætera perſpicua corpora. 22 p 3.
[38.] 31. Colores uiſibilium in obiect is corporib{us} illuminantur, & obſcur antur præcipuè, pro lucis qualitate & obiectorum corporum colorib{us}. Vide 3 n.
[39.] 32. Lux uehemens trib{us} potißimùm de caußis uiſibilia quædam obſcur at. Vide 2 n.
[40.] DE OFFICIO ET VTILITATE INSTRVMEN-torum uiſus. Caput ſextum. 33. Multiplex & uaria eſt partium uiſ{us} utilit{as}: diuerſa́ ſunt ipſarum inter ipſas officìa. 4 p 3.
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            <s xml:id="echoid-s2168" xml:space="preserve">
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            betre uiſa, & certificatur in qualibet re uiſa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2169" xml:space="preserve"> quantitas autem remotionis non certificatur uiſui i
              <gap/>
              <lb/>
            qualibet re uiſa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2170" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam inter quædam uiſibilia & uiſum ſunt corpora ordinata continuata:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2171" xml:space="preserve"> inter
              <lb/>
            quædam uerò & uiſum non ſunt corpora ordinata continuata, neque remotio eorum reſpicit cor-
              <lb/>
            pora ordinata continuata.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2172" xml:space="preserve"> Illa ergo, quorum remotio reſpicit corpora ordinata continuata, quãdo
              <lb/>
            uiſus comprehen derit corpora ordinata, quæ reſpiciunt remotionem eorum uiſibiliũ, quãdo com
              <lb/>
            prehendet ſcilicet quantitates illorum corporum, & cum comprehenderit menſuras illorum cor-
              <lb/>
            porum, comprehendet quãtitates ſpatiorum, quæ ſunt inter extremitates illorum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2173" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſpatiũ, quod
              <lb/>
            eſt inter duas extremitates corporis uiſi, quod reſpicit remotionem, quæ eſt inter uiſum & rem ui-
              <lb/>
            ſam, quarum altera eſt in parte rei uiſę, & altera in parte aſpicientis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2174" xml:space="preserve"> eſt remotio rei uiſæ à uiſu, quo-
              <lb/>
            niam reſpicit ſpatium, quod eſt inter uiſum & rem uiſam.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2175" xml:space="preserve"> Cum ergo uiſus comprehendet menſu-
              <lb/>
            rã iſtius ſpatij:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2176" xml:space="preserve"> comprehendet menſurã remotionis rei uiſæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2177" xml:space="preserve"> Viſus ergo comprehendit quantitatẽ
              <lb/>
            remotionis rerũ uiſibiliũ (quarũ remotio reſpicit corpora ordinata cõtinuata) ex cõprehenſione
              <lb/>
            mẽſurarum corporũ ordinatorũ reſpicientium remotiones earũ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2178" xml:space="preserve"> Et remotio quarundã rerũ iſtarũ
              <lb/>
            uiſibilium eſt mediocris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2179" xml:space="preserve"> & remotio quarundã eſt extra medio critatem.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2180" xml:space="preserve"> Remotio ergo uiſibilium,
              <lb/>
            quorũ remotio eſt mediocris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2181" xml:space="preserve"> comprehenditur à uiſu comprehenſione uera certificata:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2182" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam
              <lb/>
            uiſibilia, quorũ remotio eſt mediocris, & inter quæ, & uiſum ſunt corpora ordinata cõtinuata, cõ-
              <lb/>
            prehenduntur à uiſu uera comprehenſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2183" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum uiſus cõprehendit iſta uiſibilia uera cõprehen
              <lb/>
            ſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2184" xml:space="preserve"> cõprehendit corpora ordinata interiacẽtia inter ipſum & ipſa uiſibilia uera cõprehenſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2185" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            & cũ cõprehendit iſta corpora uera cõprehenſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2186" xml:space="preserve"> cõprehendit ſpatia interiacentia inter extremi
              <lb/>
            tates eorum uera comprehenſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2187" xml:space="preserve"> & cum comprehendit ſpatia uera comprehenſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2188" xml:space="preserve"> cõprehen-
              <lb/>
            det menſuras remotionum uiſibilium, reſpicientium iſta ſpatia uera comprehenſione & certifica-
              <lb/>
            ta.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2189" xml:space="preserve"> Viſibilium ergo, quorum remotio reſpicit corpora ordinata continuata, & quorum remotio à
              <lb/>
            uiſu eſt mediocris, menſuras remotionum comprehendit uiſus uera comprehenſione & certa:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2190" xml:space="preserve"> &
              <lb/>
            eſt dicere, certa, in ultimitate, in qua poterit ſenſus comprehendere.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2191" xml:space="preserve"> Menſuræ uerò remotionum ui
              <lb/>
            ſibilium, quorum remotio eſt extra mediocritatem, & quorum remotio reſpicit corpora ordinata
              <lb/>
            continuata, ſi comprehenduntur à uiſu:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2192" xml:space="preserve"> non comprehenduntur uera comprehenſione & certifica-
              <lb/>
            ta:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2193" xml:space="preserve"> quoniam uiſibilia, quorum remotio eſt extra mediocritatem, non comprehenduntur à uiſu ue-
              <lb/>
            ra comprehenſione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2194" xml:space="preserve"> Et cum inter uiſum & iſta uiſibilia fuerint corpora ordinata continuata:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2195" xml:space="preserve"> non
              <lb/>
            comprehenduntur à uiſu omnia iſta uiſibilia uera comprehenſione propter extraneitatem remo-
              <lb/>
            tionum extremitatum ſuarum, & exitus eorum à mediocritate, per quam uiſus certificat uiſibilia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2196" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            Et cum uiſus non comprehendat iſta corpora uera comprehenſione:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2197" xml:space="preserve"> non comprehendet ſpatia in-
              <lb/>
            teriacentia inter extremitates uera comprehenſione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2198" xml:space="preserve"> Non comprehendet ergo remotiones, quæ
              <lb/>
            ſuntinteriacentes inter ipſum & uiſibilia, quæ ſunt apud extremitates iſtorum corporũ, uera com-
              <lb/>
            prehenſione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2199" xml:space="preserve"> Quãtitates ergo remotionum uiſibilium, quorum remotio eſt extra mediocritatem,
              <lb/>
            & inter quam & uiſum ſunt corpora ordinata continuata, non comprehenduntur à uiſu uera com
              <lb/>
            prehenſione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2200" xml:space="preserve"> Similiter remotiones uiſibilium, quorum remotio nõ reſpicit corpora ordinata con-
              <lb/>
            tinuata, non comprehenduntur à uiſu uera comprehenſione.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2201" xml:space="preserve"> Quare uiſus, quando comprehende-
              <lb/>
            rit nubes in plano & in locis carentibus montibus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2202" xml:space="preserve"> exiſtimabit, quòd ſint magnæ remotionis in re-
              <lb/>
            ſpectu corporum cœleſtium, & cum nubes fuerint inter montes, & fuerint continuatæ:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2203" xml:space="preserve"> fortè coo-
              <lb/>
            perientur cacumina montium à nubibus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2204" xml:space="preserve"> & cum nubes diſtiterint, una ab altera:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2205" xml:space="preserve"> fortè apparebunt
              <lb/>
            cacumina montium ſuperiora nubibus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2206" xml:space="preserve"> & fortè comprehendet uiſus partes nubium applicatas
              <lb/>
            cum uertice montium, & fortè erit hoc in montibus non ualde altis.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2207" xml:space="preserve"> Ex iſta ergo experimentatio-
              <lb/>
            ne apparet, quod remotio nubium non eſt extranea:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2208" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd plures illarum ſunt propinquiores
              <lb/>
            terrę cacuminibus montium:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2209" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd illud, quod exiſtimatur de extraneitate remotionis illarum,
              <lb/>
            error eſt.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2210" xml:space="preserve"> Et declarabitur inde, quòd uiſus non comprehendit menſuram remotionis nubium in
              <lb/>
            plano:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2211" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd menſura remotionis nubium comprehendetur à uiſu, quando fuerint inter mon-
              <lb/>
            tes, & apparuerint cacumina montium ſuperiora.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2212" xml:space="preserve"> Et hoc inuenitur etiam in pluribus uiſibilibus,
              <lb/>
            quæ ſunt ſuper faciem terræ, ſcilicet, quòd menſuræ remotionum non reſpicientes corpora or-
              <lb/>
            dinata continuata, non comprehenduntur à uiſu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2213" xml:space="preserve"> Ex illis ergo, ex quibus manifeſtatur hoc, ſci-
              <lb/>
            licet quòd uiſus non comprehendat quantitatem remotionis rei uiſæ, niſi quando remotio eius
              <lb/>
            reſpexerit corpora ordinata continuata, & comprehenderit uiſus illa corpora interpoſita, & cer-
              <lb/>
            tificauerit menſuras eorum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2214" xml:space="preserve"> eſt experimentatio ſequens.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2215" xml:space="preserve"> Sit domus, in quam experimentator
              <lb/>
            non intrauerit ante horam experimentationis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2216" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit in quodam pariete illius domus ſtrictum fo-
              <lb/>
            ramen:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2217" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit poſt illud foramen uacuitas, quam ante illam horam non uidit:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2218" xml:space="preserve"> & ſint in illa uacui-
              <lb/>
            tate duo parietes, quorum unus ſit propinquior foramini quàm alius:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2219" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit inter illos duos pari-
              <lb/>
            etes diſtantia alicuius quantitatis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2220" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit paries propinquior cooperiens quandam partem parie-
              <lb/>
            tis remotioris:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2221" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit quædam pars parietis remotioris apparens:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2222" xml:space="preserve"> & ſit foramen eleuatum à ter-
              <lb/>
            ra, ita ut quando aſpiciens aſpexerit per ipſum, non uideat faciem terræ, quæ eſt poſt parietem,
              <lb/>
            in quo foramen eſt.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2223" xml:space="preserve"> Experimentator igitur quando acceſſerit ad iſtum locum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2224" xml:space="preserve"> & inſpexerit per
              <lb/>
            iſtud foramen:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2225" xml:space="preserve"> uidebit duos parietes ſimul, & non comprehendet remotionem, quæ eſt inter
              <lb/>
            ipſos.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2226" xml:space="preserve"> Siuerò remotio primi parietis fuerit magna, remotio extranea à foramine, comprehendet
              <lb/>
            duos parietes quaſi ſe contingentes, & fortè exiſtimabit quòd ſit unus continuus, quando color
              <lb/>
            eorum fuerit unus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2227" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi paries primus fuerit remotus à foramine mediocriter, & percipiatur,
              <lb/>
            quòd ſint duo parietes:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2228" xml:space="preserve"> exiſtimabitur, quòd ſint propinqui ſibi, aut ſe contingentes, & non cer-
              <lb/>
            </s>
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