Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755

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            <pb xlink:href="003/01/059.jpg" pagenum="45"/>
            <p type="main">
              <s>What has been ſaid may ſuffice, with relation
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              to our Trench, unleſs we would add, that
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              ſometimes, either to ſave Money, or to avoid
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              an intermediate Piece of rotten Ground, it may
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              not be amiſs to make a Foundation not con­
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              tinued entire all the way, but with Intervals
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              left between, as if we were only making
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                <arrow.to.target n="marg5"/>
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              Columns or Pilaſters, then turning Arches
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                <arrow.to.target n="marg6"/>
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              from one Pilaſter to the other, to
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              lay over them the reſt of the Wall
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              In theſe we are to obſerve the ſame
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              Directions as we gave before; but the greater
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              Weight you are to raiſe upon them, the large.
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              </s>
              <s>and ſtronger Pilaſters and Baſes you muſt
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              make. </s>
              <s>But of theſe enough.</s>
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            <p type="margin">
              <s>
                <margin.target id="marg5"/>
              *</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s>
                <margin.target id="marg6"/>
              * A. </s>
              <s>Plate 5.
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              (facing page 45)
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              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="head">
              <s>CHAP. IV.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="head">
              <s>
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, and of the Tempering of
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              Mortar.
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>We now come to begin our Wall; but
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              as the Workman's Art and Manner
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              of Building depends partly upon the Nature,
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              Form and Quality of his Stone, and partly
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              upon the Tempering of his Mortar, we are
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              therefore firſt to treat briefly of theſe. </s>
              <s>Of
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              Stones, ſome are living, juicy, and ſtrong, ſuch
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              as Flint, Marble, and the like, which by Na­
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              ture are heavy and ſonorous; others are ex­
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              hauſted, light, and dead ſounding, as are all
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              Stones that are ſoft and ſandy. </s>
              <s>Again, ſome
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              have even Superficies, ſtrait Lines, and equal
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              Angles, which are call'd Squared Stones;
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              others have uneven Superficies, of various
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              Lines, and unequal Angles, which we call
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              Rough. </s>
              <s>Of Stones alſo, ſome are big and
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              unweildy, ſo that a Man's Hand cannot
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              manage them at Pleaſure, without the Aſſiſtance
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              of Sleds, Leavers, Rowlers, Pullies, or the
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              like Engines; others ſmall, ſo as you may
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              raiſe and manage them with one ſingle Hand
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              juſt as you pleaſe. </s>
              <s>The third Sort is between
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              both, of a moderate Size and Weight, which
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              are call'd ſizeable. </s>
              <s>All Stone ſhould be En­
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              tire, not Muddy, and well waſh'd; you may
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              know whether it is Entire or Crack'd, by the
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              Sound it gives when you Strike upon it. </s>
              <s>You
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              can waſh them no where better than in a
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              River; and it is certain that the Middling
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              ſizeable Sort are not ſoak'd enough under nine
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              Days, and the large ones under more. </s>
              <s>That
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              which is freſh dug out of the Quarry is better
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              than that which has been long kept; and that
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              which has been once cemented with Mortar
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              will not cement well again a ſecond Time.
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              </s>
              <s>So much may ſuffice as to Stone. </s>
              <s>As for
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              Lime, they condemn that which when it
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              comes from the Kiln is not in entire Lumps,
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              but in broken Pieces, and as it were in Pow­
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              der, and they ſay it will never prove ſervice­
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              able. </s>
              <s>They commend that which purges and
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              grows white in the Fire, and which is light
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              and ſonorous, and when you water it, burſts,
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              and throws out a ſtrong thick Smoke high into
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              the Air. </s>
              <s>The former, being weak, muſt of
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              Courſe require leſs Sand; but this latter, being
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              ſtrong, requires more.
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Cato
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              directs, that to
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              every two Foot of Work, we ſhould allow one
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              Buſhel of Lime and two of Sand: Others
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              preſcribe different Proportions.
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              Vitruvius
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              and
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Pliny
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              are for mixing the Sand thus; namely
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              to give to each Buſhel of Lime three of Pit­
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              ſand, or two of River or Sea-ſand. </s>
              <s>Laſtly,
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              when the Quality and Nature of your Stone
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              requires your Mortar to be more liquid or
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              tractable (which we ſhall ſpeak of more clearly
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              below) your Sand muſt be ſifted through a
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              Sieve; but when it is to be ſtiffer, then mix it
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              with half Gravel and broken Fragments of
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              Stone. </s>
              <s>All agree, that if you mix it with
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              one third of broken Tile or Brick pounded, it
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              will be much more tenacious. </s>
              <s>However, mix
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              it as you will, you muſt ſtir it about often, till
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              the ſmalleſt Pieces are incorparated; and ſome,
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              for this Purpoſe, and that it may be well
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              mingled together, ſtir it about and beat it a
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              great while in a Mortar. </s>
              <s>But we ſhall ſay
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              no more here of the Cement, only thus much,
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              that Lime takes better hold with Stone of its
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              own Kind, and eſpecially out of the ſame
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              Quarry, than with a Stranger.
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              </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
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