Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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undoubtedly the first work on mining geology, and in consequence we have spent some effort
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in endeavour to find the date of its first appearance. </
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<
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>Through the courtesy of M. Polain,
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who has carefully examined for us the
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Nützlich Bergbüchlein
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described in Marie Pellechet's
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Catalogue Général des Incunables des Bibliothèques Publiques de France,
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5
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we have ascertained
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that it is similar as regards text and woodcuts to the Erfurt edition, 1527. This copy in the
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Bibliothèque Nationale is without typographical indications, and M. </
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<
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>Polain considers it
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very possible that it is the original edition printed at the end of the fifteenth or begininng of
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the sixteenth centuries. </
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<
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>Mr. </
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<
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>Bennett Brough,
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6
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quoting Hans von Dechen,
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7
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states that the
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first edition was printed at Augsburg in 1505, no copy of which seems to be extant. </
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<
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Librarian at the School of Mines at Freiberg has kindly furnished us with the following notes
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as to the titles of the copies in that Institution:—(1)
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Eyn Wolgeordent und Nützlich Bergbüch
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lein,
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etc., Worms, 1512
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8
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and 1518
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9
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(the place and date are written in); (2) the same as ours
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(1527); (3) the same, Heinrich Steyner, Augsburg, 1534; (4) the same, 1539. On comparing
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these various editions (to which may be added one probably published in Nürnberg by Fried
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rich Peypus in 1532
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10
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) we find that they fall into two very distinct groups, characterised by
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their contents and by two entirely different sets of woodcuts.</
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<
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>GROUP I.</
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(a) Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlein
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(in
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Bibl. </
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<
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Paris) before 1500 (?).</
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<
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>(
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b
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) Ditto, Erfurt, 1527.</
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<
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>GROUP II.</
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(c) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
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Worms, Peter Schöfern, 1512.</
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(d) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
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Worms, Peter Schöfern, 1518.</
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(e) Bergbüchlin von Erkantnus der Berckwerck,
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Nürnberg, undated, 1532 (?).</
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(f) Bergwerckbuch & Probirbuch,
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Christian Egenolph, Frankfurt-am-Meyn, 1533.</
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(g) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
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Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1534.</
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(h) Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein,
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Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1539.</
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<
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>There are also others of later date toward the end of the sixteenth century.</
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<
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>The
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Büchlein
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of Group I. terminate after the short dialogue between Daniel and Knappius
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with the words:
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Mitt welchen das kleinspeissig ertz geschmeltzt soll werden;
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whereas in those of
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Group II. these words are followed by a short explanation of the signs used in the woodcuts,
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and by directions for colouring the woodcuts, and in some cases by several pages containing
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definitions of some 92 mining terms. </
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<
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>In the editions of Group I. the woodcut on the title page
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represents a miner hewing ore in a vein and two others working a windlass. </
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<
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>In those of
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Group II. the woodcut on the title page represents one miner hewing on the surface, another to
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the right carting away ore in a handcart, and two others carrying between them a heavy
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timber. </
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<
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>In our opinion Group I. represents the older and original work of Calbus; but as we
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have not seen the copy in the
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Bibliothèque Nationale,
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and the Augsburg edition of 1505 has only
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so far been traced to Veith's catalogue,
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11
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the question of the first edition cannot be considered
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settled at present. </
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<
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>In any event, it appears that the material grafted on in the second group
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was later, and by various authors.</
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<
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>The earliest books comprise ten chapters, in which Daniel delivers about 6,000 words
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of instruction. </
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<
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>The first four chapters are devoted to the description of veins and the origin
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of the metals, of the remaining six chapters one each to silver, gold, tin, copper, iron,
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lead, and quicksilver. </
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<
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>Among the mining terms are explained the meaning of country rock
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(
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zechstein
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), hanging and footwalls (
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hangends
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and
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liegends
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), the strike (
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streichen
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), dip (
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fallen
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),
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and outcrop (
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ausgehen
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). Of the latter two varieties are given, one of the “whole vein,”
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the other of the
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gesteins,
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which may be the ore-shoot. </
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<
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>Various veins are illustrated, and also
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for the first time a mining compass. </
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<
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>The account of the origin of the metals is a muddle
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of the Peripatetics, the alchemists, and the astrologers, for which acknowledgment to Albertus
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Magnus is given. </
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<
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>They are represented to originate from quicksilver and sulphur through
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heat, cold, dampness, and dryness, and are drawn out as exhalations through the veins, each
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metal owing its origin to the special influence of some planet; the Moon for silver, Saturn for
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lead, etc. </
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<
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>Two types of veins are mentioned, “standing” (
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stehendergang
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) and flat (
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flach
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gang
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). Stringers are given the same characteristics as veins, but divided into hanging, foot
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wall, and other varieties. </
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<
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>Prominence is also given to the
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geschick
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(selvage seams or joints?).
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