Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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with Oil, it grows pale; waſh'd with Red
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Wine, it turns of a dirty brown; with Water,
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kept ſome time in Cheſſnut-wood, it changes
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quite thro' to black, and is ſo totally ſtain'd,
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that no ſcraping will fetch out the Spots. </
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<
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>For
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this Reaſon the Ancients uſed Marble in their
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Works naked, and if poſſible without the
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leaſt Mortar: But of theſe hereafter.</
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<
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>CHAP. X.</
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Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, and of the Agreement there is be
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tween Stone and Sand.
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<
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>Now as it is the Buſineſs of an expert
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Workman, not ſo much to make
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Choice of the fitteſt Materials, as to put thoſe
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which he is ſupplied with to the beſt and
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propereſt Uſes; we will proceed on our Sub
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ject in this Manner. </
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<
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>Lime is well burnt, when
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after it has been water'd, and the Heat gone
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out of it, it riſes up like the Froth of Milk,
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and ſwells all the Clods. </
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<
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>Its not having been
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long enough ſoak'd you may know by the little
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Stones you will find in it when you mix the
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Sand with it. </
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<
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>If you put too much Sand to it,
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it will be too ſharp to cement well; if you
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put leſs than its Nature and Strength requires,
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it will be as ſtiff as Glue, and is not to be
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managed. </
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>Such as is not thoroughly ſoak'd,
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or that is weaker upon any other Account,
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may be uſed with leſs Danger in the Foundation
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than in the Wall, and in the Stuffing than in
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Shells. </
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<
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>But the Corners, the Ribs, and the
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Band-ſtones muſt be entirely free from Mortar
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that has the leaſt Defect; and Arches eſpeci
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ally require the very beſt of all. </
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<
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>The Corners,
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and Ribs, and the Band-ſtones, and Cornices
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require the fineſt, ſmalleſt and cleareſt Sand,
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particularly when they are built of poliſhed
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Stone. </
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<
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>The Stuffing may be done with
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coarſer Stone.</
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>STONE in its Nature dry and thirſty, agrees
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not ill with River-ſand. </
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<
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>Stone in its Nature
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moiſt and watery, delights in Pit-ſand. </
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<
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>I
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would not have Sea-ſand uſed towards the
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South; it may perhaps do better againſt the
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Northern Winds. </
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<
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>For ſmall Stones, a thick
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lean Mortar is beſt; to a dry exhauſted Stone,
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we ſhould uſe a fat Sort; though the Ancients
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were of Opinion that in all Parts of the Walls
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the fattiſh Sort is more tenacious than the lean.
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<
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>Great Stones they always lay upon a very ſoft
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fluid Mortar, ſo that it rather ſeems deſign'd
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to lubricate and make the Bed they are laid
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upon ſlippery, to the Intent, that while they
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are fixing in their Places they may be eaſy to
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move with the Hand, then to cement and
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faſten them together. </
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<
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>But it is certainly proper
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to lay a ſoft Stuff underneath in this Manner,
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like a Pillow, to prevent the Stones, which
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have a great Weight lying upon them, from
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breaking. </
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<
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>There are ſome, who obſerving
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here and there in the Works of the Ancients,
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large Stones, which where they join ſeem
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dawb'd over with red Earth, imagine that the
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Ancients uſed that inſtead of Mortar. </
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<
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>I do
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not think this probable, becauſe we never find
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both Sides, but only one of them, ſmear'd
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with this Sort of Stuff. </
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<
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>There are ſome other
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Rules concerning the Working of our Walls,
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not to be neglected. </
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<
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>We ought never to fall
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upon our Work with a violent Haſte, heaping
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one Stone upon another, in a Kind tumul
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tuousHurry, without the leaſt Reſpite: Neither
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ought we, after we have began to build, to
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delay it with a ſluggiſh Heavineſs, as if we had
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no Stomach to what we are about; but we
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ought to follow our Work with ſuch a reaſon
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able Diſpatch, that Speed and Conſideration
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may appear to go Hand in Hand together.
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<
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>Experienced Workmen forewarn us againſt
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raiſing the Structure too high, before what we
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have already done is thoroughly ſettled; be
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cauſe the Work, while it is freſh and ſoft, is
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too weak and pliable to bear a Superſtructure.
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<
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>We may take Example from the Swallows,
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taught by Nature, which when they build
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their Neſts, firſt dawb or glue over the Beams
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which are to be the Foundation and Baſis of
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their Edifice, and then are not too haſty to
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lay the ſecond dawbing over this, but inter
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mit the Work till the firſt is ſufficiently dry'd;
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after which they continue their Building reaſon
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ably and properly. </
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<
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>They ſay the Mortar has
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taken ſufficient hold when it puts forth a Kind
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of Moſs or little Flower well known to Maſons.
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<
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>At what Diſtances it is proper to reſpite the
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we may gather from the Thickneſs of the
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Wall itſelf, and from the Temperature of the </
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