Agricola, Georgius
,
De re metallica
,
1912/1950
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are exposed before his eyes. </
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<
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>There are just as great differences in hills as
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there are in mountains, yet the miner does not dig except in those situated
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in mountainous districts, and even very rarely in those. </
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>It is however very
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little to be wondered at that the hill in the Island of Lemnos was excavated,
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for the whole is of a reddish-yellow colour, which furnishes for the inhabitÂ
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ants that valuable clay so especially beneficial to mankind
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10
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. </
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<
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>In like
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manner, other hills are excavated if chalk or other varieties of earth are
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exposed, but these are not prospected for.</
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<
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>There are likewise many varieties of valleys and plains. </
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>One kind is
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enclosed on the sides with its outlet and entrance open; another has either
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its entrance or its outlet open and the rest of it is closed in; both of these are
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properly called valleys. </
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>There is a third variety which is surrounded on all
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sides by mountains, and these are called
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convalles.
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<
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> Some valleys again,
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have recesses, and others have none; one is wide, another narrow; one
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is long, another short; yet another kind is not higher than the neighbouring
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plain, and others are lower than the surrounding flat country. </
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<
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>But the
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miner does not dig in those surrounded on all sides by mountains, nor in those
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that are open, unless there be a low plain close at hand, or unless a vein
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of metal descending from the mountains should extend into the valley.
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<
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>Plains differ from one another, one being situated at low elevation,
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and others higher, one being level and another with a slight incline. </
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<
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>The
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miner should never excavate the low-lying plain, nor one which is perfectly
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level, unless it be in some mountain, and rarely should he mine in the other
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kinds of plains.</
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<
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>With regard to the conditions of the locality the miner should
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not contemplate mining without considering whether the place be
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covered with trees or is bare. </
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>If it be a wooded place, he who digs there
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has this advantage, besides others, that there will be an abundant supply of
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wood for his underground timbering, his machinery, buildings, smelting,
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and other necessities. </
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>If there is no forest he should not mine there unless
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there is a river near, by which he can carry down the timber. </
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>Yet wherever
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there is a hope that pure gold or gems may be found, the ground can
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be turned up, even though there is no forest, because the gems need only
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to be polished and the gold to be purified. </
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<
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>Therefore the inhabitants of
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hot regions obtain these substances from rough and sandy places, where
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sometimes there are not even shrubs, much less woods.</
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<
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>The miner should next consider the locality, as to whether it has a
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perpetual supply of running water, or whether it is always devoid of water
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except when a torrent supplied by rains flows down from the summits of the
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mountains. </
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<
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>The place that Nature has provided with a river or stream can </
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