Cardano, Girolamo, De subtilitate, 1663

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    <archimedes>
      <text>
        <body>
          <chap>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.002821">
                <pb pagenum="418" xlink:href="016/01/067.jpg"/>
              uant ad experimentorum veritatem aſſe­
                <lb/>
              quendam. </s>
              <s id="s.002822">Seu igitur ſolis ac ſyderum radios
                <lb/>
              per ſe calidos dixeris, ſeu ipſos non calidos,
                <lb/>
              ſed calefacere, nobis ex æquo ſatisfactum
                <lb/>
              erit. </s>
              <s id="s.002823">Mihi autem videtur, calorem eſſe ſub­
                <lb/>
              ſtantiam radij ſideris: nec tamen calorem
                <lb/>
              hunc, cùm à lumine ſit inſeparabilis, qua­
                <lb/>
              litatem eſſe, quæ corrumpatur. </s>
              <s id="s.002824">Nec enim
                <lb/>
              calor, qui in elementis aut miſtis excipitur,
                <lb/>
              eſt cœleſtis, ſed cœleſtis imago ſolùm: igi­
                <lb/>
              tur vt lux propria eſt ſideribus, ita calor, cui
                <lb/>
              nullum eſt frigus contrarium, ſed frigus ſo­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg315"/>
                <lb/>
              la caloris priuatio eſt. </s>
              <s id="s.002825">Verùm dices: Si mo­
                <lb/>
              tus, caloris cauſa eſt, cur in lecto, & dum
                <lb/>
              maximè quieſcimus, maximè calemus? </s>
              <s id="s.002826">Ve­
                <lb/>
              rùm motus calorem excitat, refrigerat au­
                <lb/>
              tem dum locum mutando nos aëri frigidio­
                <lb/>
              ri exponit. </s>
              <s id="s.002827">Itaque in hyeme magnus mo­
                <lb/>
              tus excalefacit, exiguus refrigerat. </s>
              <s id="s.002828">Sed di­
                <lb/>
              ces: Cur autem frigent, qui quieſcunt, in
                <lb/>
              lecto autem calent? </s>
              <s id="s.002829">Videtur autem aliquid
                <lb/>
              conferre pluma, aut cottum, vel lana, quæ
                <lb/>
              in lectis habentur. </s>
              <s id="s.002830">Verùm cauſa præcipua
                <lb/>
              eſt, quia non mutatur aër, qui nos tangit
                <lb/>
              ſub culcitra collectus: extra autem lectum
                <lb/>
              quieſcentibus aër mouetur. </s>
              <s id="s.002831">Ex motu autem
                <lb/>
              bifariam refrigeratur homo, tum quia aër
                <lb/>
              calefactus circum nos manens recedit, tum
                <lb/>
              quia motus (vt dictum eſt) refrigerat aërem.
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg316"/>
                <lb/>
              Sed ad lucis ac luminis hiſtoriam redeo. </s>
              <s id="s.002832">Lu­
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              men igitur eſt lucis ſimilitudo, quæ clari­
                <lb/>
              tas in ſe, & caloris ſubſtantiam adeò habet
                <lb/>
              annexam, vt propè nihil ſit aliud. </s>
              <s id="s.002833">Ob hoc
                <lb/>
              clariſſima ſydera etiam calidiſſima, vt Sol,
                <lb/>
              Canis vterque, & Iupiter: non igitur lu­
                <lb/>
              men, & claritas, & calor tres ſunt res, ſed
                <lb/>
              vna, diuerſorum comparatione, diuerſa
                <lb/>
              nomina, & etiam diuerſam imaginem re­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg317"/>
                <lb/>
              præſentationem ſuſcipiens. </s>
              <s id="s.002834">Lux verò à qua
                <lb/>
              lumen profluit, claritas eſt ex illius tertio
                <lb/>
              genere: vtque in perſpicuo corpore à luce
                <lb/>
              fit lumen, ita in opaco color: & ipſa hæc
                <lb/>
              omnia ſui ſpeciem producunt: nam per pra­
                <lb/>
              ta ambulantes, virides facies habere viden­
                <lb/>
              tur. </s>
              <s id="s.002835">Potens igitur color cum hæc faciat in
                <lb/>
              aëre libero, quid in obſcuro faciet? </s>
              <s id="s.002836">vbi hæc
                <lb/>
              ſola lux ſit vitioſa, atque alieno colore in­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg318"/>
                <lb/>
              fecta. </s>
              <s id="s.002837">Sic igitur lucerna ex aqua ardente ſo­
                <lb/>
              la, & ſale repræſentat ( dum omnis alia ab­
                <lb/>
              ſit lux ) facies pallidas, vt mortuorum: hoc
                <lb/>
              enim expertus ſum. </s>
              <s id="s.002838">Et eadem ratione, ſi in
                <lb/>
              lampades virides oleum viride accendatur
                <lb/>
              (quod referunt fieri vna immatura in oleo
                <lb/>
              tandiu contenta, vt matureſcat ſub Sole) vi­
                <lb/>
              ridia omnia apparebunt. </s>
              <s id="s.002839">Quid amplius, lu­
                <lb/>
              cerna vitrea concluſa vndique colorem
                <expan abbr="trãs-fert">trans­
                  <lb/>
                fert</expan>
              validum, lumine in ea accenſo ad obie­
                <lb/>
              ctas res. </s>
              <s id="s.002840">Sunt autem validi colores, niger, vi­
                <lb/>
              ridis, albus, rubeus, cyaneus ſeu cœleſtis.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002841">Ignis autem expreſſiùs hoc facere poteſt, &
                <lb/>
              longè maiora, vt ſerpentum imagines re­
                <lb/>
              præſentare. </s>
              <s id="s.002842">Oportet autem vt potentia talis
                <lb/>
              ſit, & à fumo proprio ad rerum imagines
                <lb/>
              repræſentandas adiuuetur. </s>
              <s id="s.002843">Ergo lumen colo­
                <lb/>
              rem, & magnitudinem, & formam mutare
                <lb/>
              poteſt, vt trabes ſerpentes videantur, alienam
                <lb/>
              tamen figuram recipere nequeunt. </s>
              <s id="s.002844">Neque
                <lb/>
              enim
                <emph type="italics"/>
              (
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              vt dicunt) homines abſque capitibus
                <lb/>
              videri poſſunt, aut cum canino capite: ſed ſi
                <lb/>
              lumen capita abſcondet, abſcondet & reli­
                <lb/>
              qua. </s>
              <s id="s.002845">Neque formam mutare poteſt ſecun­
                <lb/>
              dum luminis naturam, ſi pro forma figura
                <lb/>
              intelligatur. </s>
              <s id="s.002846">Quod verò occulta fit vi, aut
                <lb/>
              omninò non fiet, aut rariſſimè. </s>
              <s id="s.002847">Videntur au­
                <lb/>
              tem mutari non ſolùm propria, ſed etiam
                <lb/>
              communia ſenſibilia: ac quædam eorum ma­
                <lb/>
              gis ac faciliùs, vt magnitudo, numerus, quies,
                <lb/>
              motus, ac figura. </s>
              <s id="s.002848">Etenim in quadratis fora­
                <lb/>
              minibus quædam rotunda videntur, quia
                <lb/>
              non per ſe ſentiuntur, nec adeò exquiſitè,
                <lb/>
              nec adeò vehementer in ſenſum imprimunt:
                <lb/>
              lumen autem, & calor viſus ſunt propria.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002849">Verùm de coloribus ſuo loco dicemus, nunc
                <lb/>
              de lumine, & repræſentationibus tractatio
                <lb/>
              eſt. </s>
              <s id="s.002850">Eſt autem ( vt dictum eſt ) lumen lucis
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg319"/>
                <lb/>
              imago in corpore perſpicuo. </s>
              <s id="s.002851">Perſpicuum au­
                <lb/>
              tem triplex: quoddam æquale, quoddam inæ­
                <lb/>
              quale, ſeu in partibus ſuis diuerſum, & quod­
                <lb/>
              dam ſola ſuperficie, cuiuſmodi ſunt ſpecula.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002852">Hoc autem nitorem dicimus. </s>
              <s id="s.002853">In perſpicuo
                <lb/>
              æquali lumen rectà procedit, in inæquali au­
                <lb/>
              tem frangitur, à tenui reflectitur. </s>
              <s id="s.002854">Iuxta hoc
                <lb/>
              igitur conſtat, tres tantùm eſſe ſpecies lu­
                <lb/>
              minis, rectam, reflexam, & refractam. </s>
              <s id="s.002855">Re­
                <lb/>
              cta oſtendit res vt ſunt, refracta mutatas, re­
                <lb/>
              flexa velut à ſpeculis debiles. </s>
              <s id="s.002856">Miſcentur
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg320"/>
                <lb/>
              quandoque hæc, veluti cùm à craſſiore vi­
                <lb/>
              tro oppoſito plumbo lumen ſimile refran­
                <lb/>
              gitur, ac reflectitur. </s>
              <s id="s.002857">Optima igitur è chaly­
                <lb/>
              be, vel argento ſpecula, de quibus inferiùs
                <lb/>
              agetur, docebimus, non è vitro, cryſtalló­
                <lb/>
              ve: quamvis aliter homines credant. </s>
              <s id="s.002858">Sed
                <lb/>
              quia quæ è metallo ſunt, facilè vitiantur, ob
                <lb/>
              id creditum eſt, meliora eſſe vitrea. </s>
              <s id="s.002859">Metal­
                <lb/>
              lica igitur exactiora, vitrea diuturniora, niſi
                <lb/>
              frangantur: leuis enim ille nitor non adeò in
                <lb/>
              vitro extinguitur, quoniam in materia ſic­
                <lb/>
              ciore non tam facilè hæret. </s>
              <s id="s.002860">Cauſa enim cur
                <lb/>
              hæreat, eſt humidum: in humido enim vin­
                <lb/>
              culum adhærentium. </s>
              <s id="s.002861">Sed & figura vitiantur,
                <lb/>
              quæ reflectunt, & ea in quibus lumen fran­
                <lb/>
              gitur. </s>
              <s id="s.002862">Itáque ſpecula concaua, & conuexa,
                <lb/>
              item perſpicilia non æqualia, falſas reddunt
                <lb/>
              imagines. </s>
              <s id="s.002863">Hinc cauſa colligitur, cur non
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg321"/>
                <lb/>
              tam ex ſolo, quam è muris, nec tam è muris,
                <lb/>
              quam è ſpeculis reddantur imagines? </s>
              <s id="s.002864">
                <expan abbr="Nã">Nam</expan>
              non
                <lb/>
              niſi in perſpicuo fit lumen è luce: quæ autem
                <lb/>
              non nitent, non ſunt perſpicua, ideò lumen
                <lb/>
              perit: omne enim ſolidum perſpicuum nitet,
                <lb/>
              & omne nitens eſt perſpicuum. </s>
              <s id="s.002865">Quamobrem
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              in vndis etiam effigies relucent. </s>
              <s id="s.002866">Vnde Vir­
                <lb/>
              gilianum illud:
                <lb/>
                <emph type="quote"/>
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Nec ſum adeò deformis, nuper me in littore vidi,
                <lb/>
              Cùm placidum ventis ſtaret mare: non ego Daphnim
                <lb/>
              Iudice te metuam, ſi nunquam fallit imago.
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
                <emph.end type="quote"/>
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg322"/>
              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002867">
                <margin.target id="marg309"/>
              Lacteæ viæ
                <lb/>
              cauſa.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002868">
                <margin.target id="marg310"/>
              Cur radij re­
                <lb/>
              flexi videan­
                <lb/>
              tur, & calo­
                <lb/>
              rë augeant.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002869">
                <margin.target id="marg311"/>
              Ignis cur ex
                <lb/>
              cauis ſpecu­
                <lb/>
              lis accenda­
                <lb/>
              tur, & non in
                <lb/>
              alba mate­
                <lb/>
              ria.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002870">
                <margin.target id="marg312"/>
              Ignis cur à
                <lb/>
              ſphærulis
                <lb/>
              cryſtallinis
                <lb/>
              in ſole poſitis
                <lb/>
              accendatur.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002871">
                <margin.target id="marg313"/>
              Sol quomodo
                <lb/>
              calefaciat.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002872">
                <margin.target id="marg314"/>
              Subtilitas,
                <lb/>
              calor, ac mo­
                <lb/>
              tus, cauſæ
                <lb/>
              viciſſim.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002873">
                <margin.target id="marg315"/>
              Cur in lecto
                <lb/>
              magis ca­
                <lb/>
              leamus.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002874">
                <margin.target id="marg316"/>
              Lux quid
                <lb/>
              ſit, &
                <expan abbr="lumẽ">lumen</expan>
              .</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002875">
                <margin.target id="marg317"/>
              Ambulantes
                <lb/>
              per prata, fa­
                <lb/>
              cies virides
                <lb/>
              habere vi­
                <lb/>
              dentur.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002876">
                <margin.target id="marg318"/>
              Modus re­
                <lb/>
              præſentandi
                <lb/>
              facies homi­
                <lb/>
              num ſub di­
                <lb/>
              uerſis colori­
                <lb/>
              bus.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002877">
                <margin.target id="marg319"/>
              Luminis tres
                <lb/>
              ſpecies.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002878">
                <margin.target id="marg320"/>
              Optima ſpe­
                <lb/>
              cula quæ.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002879">
                <margin.target id="marg321"/>
              Cur à nitidis
                <lb/>
                <expan abbr="tã">tam</expan>
              , cùm
                <expan abbr="lumẽ">lumen</expan>
                <lb/>
              reflectatur.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002880">
                <margin.target id="marg322"/>
              Cur aliqua
                <lb/>
              ſolida per­
                <lb/>
              ſpicua.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.002881">Videntur autem ab omnibus reflecti ra­
                <lb/>
              dij, quia aliquis nitor in omni ſolido cor­
                <lb/>
              pore eſt. </s>
              <s id="s.002882">Verùm illud mirum, cur calor, &
                <lb/>
              radij per ſolida, craſſa atque perſpicua ma­
                <lb/>
              gis permeent, quàm per opaca, tenuia, ac
                <lb/>
              rariora: non enim meatibus implentur per­
                <lb/>
              ſpicua, qui aër continuus eſt: & in vitro, &
                <lb/>
              cryſtallo meatus illi directi non poſſunt
                <lb/>
              eſſe, quia non conſiſteret: radij autem re­
                <lb/>
              cti. </s>
              <s id="s.002883">Nec aqua patitur meatus, cùm tamen
                <lb/>
              ſit perſpicua. </s>
              <s id="s.002884">Omne igitur quòd lucis ima­
                <lb/>
              ginem recipit, id autem fæculentum non
                <lb/>
              eſt, ſed clarum, perſpicuum dicitur. </s>
              <s id="s.002885">Non </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
        </body>
      </text>
    </archimedes>
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