Cardano, Girolamo, De subtilitate, 1663

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    <archimedes>
      <text>
        <body>
          <chap>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003178">
                <pb pagenum="428" xlink:href="016/01/077.jpg"/>
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              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003179">
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                <expan abbr="Speculũ">Speculum</expan>
              nu­
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              mero
                <expan abbr="facierũ">facierum</expan>
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              horas oſten­
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              dens.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003180">
                <margin.target id="marg373"/>
              De cryſtalli­
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              no priſmate
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              mira.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003181">Cryſtalli priſma verò, multas ſpeculorum
                <lb/>
              vires habet, vt quod multas formas referat,
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              tum etiam auerſas capitibus in imo & pe­
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              dibus ſuprà, vt caua ſpecula, & tum mono­
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              culos, & quatuor oculis. </s>
              <s id="s.003182">In eo etiam colores,
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              maximè dum aduerſus Solem ſecundum lon­
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              gitudinem collocatur, pulcherrimos & ini­
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              mitabiles apparent: verùm oculis applica­
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              tum, tum maximè vbi arbores ſint & prata,
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              pulchritudinem cœleſtem refert, coronas,
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              irides, tapeta vbique ſparſa, colores ſplen­
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              didiſſimos, roſeos, candidos, virides, puni­
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              ceos, cœruleos, aureos, miſtóſque omnes, ac
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              gratiſſimi aſpectus: aliam in ſublimi atque
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              auerſam effigiem rerum oſtendit, quaſi pla­
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              nis in montes aſſurgentibus. </s>
              <s id="s.003183">Finitorem
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              etiam, ac regiones fingit, cùm diſtantia ma­
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              xima atque iucundi viſus, vt illum non labe­
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              factet, ſed recreet. </s>
              <s id="s.003184">Oportet autem ma­
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              gnum eſſe priſma, puriſſimúmque cry­
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              ſtallum.
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              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003185">
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              Cur vna res
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              duæ
                <expan abbr="videã-tur">videan­
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                tur</expan>
              .</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003186">At verò vt iam ſpeculis relictis & cry­
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              ſtallo, ſinceri viſus aliquas falſas imagines
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              referam, ſcilicet quomodo res vna duæ vi­
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              deri poſſint, tempus eſſe videtur. </s>
              <s id="s.003187">Contingit
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              autem hoc, quia viſus ſic rectè videt, vt ra­
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              dij in pupillam cadant orthogonij, ſeu dicas
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              perpendiculares, & quaſi rectà in coniun­
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              ctionem neruorum ferantur. </s>
              <s id="s.003188">Cùm igitur
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              obliquantur oculi, vt nerui ſurſum ac deor­
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              ſum deprimantur, vna res duæ videbuntur.
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              </s>
              <s id="s.003189">Et generaliter quæcunque loco, forma, ma­
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              gnitudine, aut colore diſtincta videbuntur,
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              duo apparebunt, etſi ſit vnum. </s>
              <s id="s.003190">Hoc autem
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              contingit, ſeu loco alter oculorum dimouea­
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              tur, ſeu diuerſis mediis videamus: velut ſi
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              oculorum alteri conſpicilium obiiciatur, re­
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              liquo per purum vidente aërem: vel ſi res in
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              aqua partim ſit, partim in aëre, nam fracta
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              vel duæ iudicantur: vel ſi inter oculos me­
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              dium ſit obiectum, quod rem vnam videri
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              prohibeat, quæ ſi vel non rectè ad oculorum
                <lb/>
              poſita ſit, ſitum quaſi illis æquidiſtans, aut
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              colores varios oſtendat, tunc vna res duæ eſſe
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              firmius exiſtimabuntur. </s>
              <s id="s.003191">Quædam enim res
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              propè oculum nihil impediunt, quoniam
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              minores ſunt diſtantia oculorum: procul &
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              propè rem viſam eam tegunt. </s>
              <s id="s.003192">Rurſus aliæ
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              oculis proximæ impediunt, procul autem
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              parum: quia angulus qui ex eis fit, ob diſtan­
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              tiam iuxta oculum coanguſtatur. </s>
              <s id="s.003193">Situs au­
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              tem, mutatio non ſolùm in oculis, ſed in di­
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              gitis, nec ſolum in viſu ſed in tactu, duo pro
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              vno oſtendendo fallere ſolet. </s>
              <s id="s.003194">Indice enim ac
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              medio ſe inuicem ſuperequitantibus ſphæ­
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              rula in vola ſubiecta, pro duobus iudicat,
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              adeò vt nonnulli pignore depoſito certa­
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              uerint.
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg376"/>
              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003195">
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              Diuerſitas
                <lb/>
                <expan abbr="impedientiũ">impedientium</expan>
                <lb/>
              viſum.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003196">
                <margin.target id="marg376"/>
              Ratio ſolida
                <lb/>
              in plano pin­
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              gendi.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003197">Verùm & eadem ratione quæ in plano
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              pinguntur, ſolida apparent. </s>
              <s id="s.003198">Hoc autem ma­
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              ximè duabus ex cauſis: altera eſt vmbra, à
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              quo oculus iudicium illud refert: Si vmbra,
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              igitur vmbroſum & ſolidum corpus. </s>
              <s id="s.003199">Adeò
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              enim ſenſus aſſueuêre iudicio ex diuturno
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              vſu contracto, vt referant in inſulis nuper
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              repertis, nec habitatis vnquam aliàs, aues
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              non refugientes, capi manibus. </s>
              <s id="s.003200">Altera eſt
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              vt conſideres quæ pars corporis videatur,
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              velut in cubo ſuprema anterior, dextra aut
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              ſiniſtra: latent reliquæ ſuperficies: inde vm­
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              bram ad lumen quod ante te finges ad alti­
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              tudinem dimidij recti collocabis, corpus au­
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              tem pro lineis, quæ ab oculo ad cubum ſu­
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              per planum extenduntur. </s>
              <s id="s.003201">Potes & ab angulo
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              intuitum conſtituere, & lumen à latere. </s>
              <s id="s.003202">Rur­
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              ſus alia ratio eſt tabulæ, quæ in pariete pen­
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              det, alia eius quæ ſub oculis ac manibus fi­
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              nitori æquidiſtans iacet: verùm in omnibus
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              hoc commune eſt, vt rem ipſam conſtituas
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              eodem loco, & angulos ac puncta eadem in
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              plano, ad oculos, & ad lumen exprimas, vt
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              terminos rei viſæ. </s>
              <s id="s.003203">Cùm enim anguli fuerint
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              æquales, & coloribus, ac vmbris adiuuantur,
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              vt eadem corpora referant neceſſe eſt. </s>
              <s id="s.003204">Idem
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              enim idem refert, & ſimile ſimile. </s>
              <s id="s.003205">Memento
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              tamen vt locum viſus æqualis obſerues, is
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              eſt humanæ figuræ caput, cùm homo in ta­
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              bella pictus fuerit: quæcunque enim infra
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              illud videbuntur, humilia: quæcunque ſuprà,
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              ſublimia, non ſecus quàm ſi verè tali in ſitu
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              forent, oculus iudicabit. </s>
              <s id="s.003206">Igitur vt ſolida re­
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              feras, ſunt hæc quatuor abſoluenda: forma
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              rei ex radiis oculorum ſumpta, vmbra ex ra­
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              diis lucis, colos qui non alius eſſe debet quàm
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              eius corporis ſub ea luce, & ſub eo ſitu col­
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              locati: ac demum ſitus in tabella, ad hominis
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              depicti rationem, cuius vertex in directo ſit
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              tuorum oculorum, ſtatuendus eſt. </s>
              <s id="s.003207">Quid enim
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                <arrow.to.target n="marg378"/>
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              aliud eſt pictura, quàm imitatio affectuum
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              quæ ſunt in corporibus, ad luminis compa­
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              rationem ex ſolo plano? </s>
              <s id="s.003208">Nam etſi animi
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              etiam diſpoſitione ex pictura liceat conie­
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              ctari, non tamen aliter quàm vt per corpo­
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              reos affectus exprimuntur: Dixi ad luminis
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              comparationem: vnde alia erit natantis fa­
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              cies, alia eius qui eſt ſub radiis Solis, alia ve­
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              rò noctis quadam obſcuritate, alia ſub lu­
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              mine Lunæ, alia candelæ conſtituti, ob id de­
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              cet admota lucerna experiri. </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003209">
                <margin.target id="marg377"/>
              Ratio men­
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              ſurarum in
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              picturis.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003210">
                <margin.target id="marg378"/>
              Pictura
                <lb/>
              quid.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003211">Quid miraris de lumine? </s>
              <s id="s.003212">cùm quædam
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                <arrow.to.target n="marg379"/>
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              procul videantur, quæ propè latent: vt in
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              marſupio meo chalybeo diſtincta quadratis
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              figura nigris lineis à longè videtur, aliàs in­
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              uiſa. </s>
              <s id="s.003213">Sic & ſtellæ noctæ videntur, quæ die
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              latent: vnde etiam reticulo adiuuant opus.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.003214">In paruo enim ſpatio error vel minimus la­
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              tere non poteſt, & ad rectitudinem ma­
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              nuum artificis dirigit. </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.003215">
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              Quædam me­
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              lius à longè
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              videntur
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              quam propè.
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              </s>
              <s id="s.003216">Auxilium ad
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              rectè pingen­
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              dum.
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              </s>
              <s id="s.003217">Speculo pi­
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              cturæ
                <expan abbr="protãdæ">protan­
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                dæ</expan>
              . </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003218">Eadem fermè ratione ſpeculo picturæ
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              probandæ ſunt. </s>
              <s id="s.003219">Nam ſpeculum cùm euerſas
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              res oſtendat, multa quæ iam latuerant dete­
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              git. </s>
              <s id="s.003220">Vt enim ordo multa abſcondis, vnde
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              gemmarij margaritas certo ordine collocant,
                <lb/>
              in medio maculatas conſtituentes, ac pul­
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              cherrimas in extremis terminis, ac ſenſim
                <lb/>
              à pulcherrimis ad turpiores deſcendunt, ne
                <lb/>
              comparationes turpes agnoſcantur: quaſdam
                <lb/>
              interdum vitiorum mutatione gratiam reti­
                <lb/>
              nentes, iuxta ponunt: ita contraria ratione
                <lb/>
              ſpeculum detegit mendas, conuerſo ordine
                <lb/>
              priore ob quem placebat pictura. </s>
              <s id="s.003221">Ita ſpeculo
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              quod omnia contrario ordine ac præpoſte­
                <lb/>
              ro oſtendat, literas contrario ordine ſcriptas,
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              rectè illas eo repræſentante legibus. </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.003222">Cæterùm vt ad picturam reuertar, nec
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                <arrow.to.target n="marg380"/>
                <lb/>
              obiter colores ſunt diſponendi, ſed inter cla­
                <lb/>
              ros obſcuri, inter obſcuros clari ſedem ſi
                <lb/>
              habeant, decorem & ornamentum picturæ
                <lb/>
              adducunt. </s>
              <s id="s.003223">Ergo rubens inter cæruleum &
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              viridem, candidus inter cinereum & cro-</s>
            </p>
          </chap>
        </body>
      </text>
    </archimedes>
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