Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755

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              <s>
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              with Rims of each Side, a ninth Part of its
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              Breadth, which is call'd a Gutter-tile; the
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              other round, like Greaves, (a Piece of Armour
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              for the Legs,) which is called a Ridge-tile;
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              both broader in that Part which is to receive
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              the Rain, and narrower in that from which
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              they are to diſcharge it. </s>
              <s>But the Plain, or
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              Gutter-tiles are the moſt Commodius, pro­
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              vided they are laid exactly even, ſo as not to
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              lean of either Side, nor to make either Vallies
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              or Hilocks to ſtop the Current of the Water,
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              or to let it ſettle in, nor to leave any Cranny
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              uncover'd. </s>
              <s>If the Superficies of the Roof is
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              very large, it requires bigger Gutter-tiles, that
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              the Rain may not overflow them for want of
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              a ſufficient Receptacle. </s>
              <s>To prevent the Fury
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              of the Wind from ripping off the Tiles, I
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              would have them all faſtened with Mortar;
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              eſpecially in publick Buildings: But in private
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              Ones, it will be enough if you ſecure only the
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              Gutter-tiles from that Violence, becauſe what­
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              ever Miſchief is done, is eaſily repair'd. </s>
              <s>There
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              is another very convenient Way of Tiling, in
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              this Manner: If in Timber Roofs, inſtead of
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              Planks, you lay along the Girders Squares of
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              baked Clay, faſten'd with Plaiſter of
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              Paris,
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              and
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              over theſe Squares lay your Tiles with Mortar,
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              it will be a Covering very ſecure againſt Fire,
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              and very commodious to the Inhabitants; and
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              it will be leſs expenſive, if, inſtead of Squares,
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              you underlay it with Reeds, bound with Mor­
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              tar. </s>
              <s>I would not have you uſe your Tiles,
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              and eſpecially thoſe which you lay with Mor­
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              tar, in publick Works, till they have ſupported
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              the Froſt and Sun two Years; becauſe, if you
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              happen to uſe any bad ones, there is no taking
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              them out again without a good deal of
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              Trouble and Expence. </s>
              <s>It may not be amiſs
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              here to mention what I have read in
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              Diodorus
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              the Hiſtorian, relating to the famous hanging
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              Gardens in
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              Syria,
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              which were contrived with
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              a new, and not unuſeful Invention: For upon
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              the Beams they laid Ruſhes dawb'd over with
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              Pitch, and on theſe two Rows of baked
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              Bricks, one above the other, cemented with
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              Mortar; and in the third Place, they laid
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              Plates of Lead ſo diſpoſed, and faſten'd to­
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              gether, that not the leaſt wet could penetrate
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              to the Brick.</s>
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              <s>CHAP. XVI.</s>
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              <s>
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              Of Pavements according to the Opinion of
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              Pliny
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              and
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              Vitruvius,
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              and the Works
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              of the Ancients; and of the proper Seaſons for Beginning and Finiſhing
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              the ſeveral Parts of Building.
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              </s>
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              <s>We come now to treat of Pavements,
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              which alſo partake ſomewhat of the
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              Nature of Coverings. </s>
              <s>Of theſe, ſome are
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              open to the Air; others are laid upon Rafters
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              and Boards, others not: All require for their
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              Foundation a ſolid, and even Superficies, laid
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              exactly according to their proper Lines. </s>
              <s>Thoſe
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              which are open to the Air ought to be raiſed
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              in ſuch a Manner, that every ten Foot may
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              have a Declivity of, at leaſt, two Inches, to
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              throw off the Water, which ought to be con­
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              veyed from thence either into Ciſterns or
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              Sinks. </s>
              <s>If from theſe Sinks you have not the
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              Conveniency of a Drain, either into the Sea,
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              or ſome River, dig Pits for the Soil in conve­
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              nient Places, ſo deep as to come to ſome Spring
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              of Water, and then fill up thoſe Pits with
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              round Pebbles.</s>
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              <s>LASTLY, if you have no Opportunity to
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              do this, make good large Sinks, and fling
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              Coals into them, and then fill them up with
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              Sand, which will ſuck up, and dry away the
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              ſuperfluous Moiſture. </s>
              <s>If the Superficies that
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              your Pavement is to be laid upon, is a ſoft
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              looſe Earth, ram it ſoundly, and lay it over
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              with broken Fragments of Stone, well beat in
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              with the Rammer alſo: But if the Pavement
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              is to be upon Rafters, cover them over with
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              Boards, and upon them lay your Rubbiſh or
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              Fragments of Stone a Foot high, and beaten
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              together, and conſolidated with the Rammer.
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              </s>
              <s>Some are of Opinion, that under theſe we
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              ought to lay Fern, or Spart, to keep the Mor­
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              tar from rotting the Timber. </s>
              <s>If your Rub­
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              biſh is of new Stone, allow one Part of Mortar
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              to three of Rubbiſh; if it is of old, you muſt
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              allow two Parts in five; and when it is laid,
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              the Way to ſtiffen it, is to pound it heartily
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              with the Rammer. </s>
              <s>Over theſe you lay a
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              Plaiſter ſix Inches high, made of broken
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              Tiles, or Bricks pounded, mix'd with one
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              fourth Part of Mortar; and upon this, laſtly,
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              you lay your Pavement, of whatſoever Sort it
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              is, whether of Brick or Tile, exactly by Rule </s>
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